Diseases of ectopic calcification of the vascular wall range from lethal orphan diseases such as generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI), to common diseases such as hardening of the arteries associated with aging and calciphylaxis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). GACI is a lethal orphan disease in which infants calcify the internal elastic lamina of their medium and large arteries ...

-The development of biologic therapy has substantially improved the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. At the same time, the elevated cost of biologics has prompted debate on the economic sustainability of the public health system. -As patents expire for biologics, business interests and the high capacity of today’s biotechnology industry have encouraged laboratories to develop new...

We report data from laboratory emissions allowance markets in which allowances do not expire and can be banked between compliance periods. These periods consist of a sealed bid auction, trading, and then compliance. The markets consist of multiple sequential compliance periods. We observe (1) market prices reflect an expectation of future market prices, not underlying equilibrium; (2) allowance...

To reduce the response times of wireless data access in a mobile network, caches are utilized in wireless handheld devices. If the original data entry has been updated, the cached data in the handheld device becomes stale. Thus, a mechanism is required to predict when the cached copy will expire. This paper studies a weakly consistent data access mechanism that computes the time-to-live (TTL) i...

Biological medical products are drugs whose active components are produced only by living, genetically modified organisms or live cell cultures. Patents and exclusivity for most biopharmaceuticals has either expired or will expire soon, which enables biotechnological companies to introduce similar biological products. The problem of replacing a biological medicine with a biosimilar in the cours...

A new certificate revocation system is presented. The basic idea is to divide the certificate space into several partitions, the number of partitions being dependent on the PKI environment. Each partition contains the status of a set of certificates. A partition may either expire or be renewed at the end of a time slot. This is done efficiently using hash chains. We evaluate the performance of ...

Pharmaceutical and medical device companies strive to maximize patent term as lengthy development and regulatory review processes precede commercial sales. Most patents internationally receive a standard term of 20 years from the initial application filing date. But US patents frequently receive a longer term, mainly due to patent term adjustment (PTA). PTA offers extra patent term to compensat...

Background Using Section 8 project-based rental assistance contracts, HUD contracts with for-profit owners of private multifamily housing, who in turn make specific rental properties available to qualified low-income households. Typically, the subsidy will pay the difference between 30 percent of the household’s income and the contract rent; this subsidy is paid by HUD to the landlord. Approxim...

Counting the number of flows present in network traffic is not trivial, given that the naive approach of using a hash table to track the active flows is too slow for the current backbone network speeds. Several algorithms have been proposed in the recent literature that can calculate an approximate count using small amount of memory and few memory accesses per packet. Fewer works have addressed...

In ad hoc networks that employ source-based on-demand routing, network nodes can use information contained in packet headers to populate a link cache. Given sufficient route requests and network traffic, a link cache will provide a good view of the spatial network topology in the past. This view can be successfully applied to making future routing decisions provided that links are allowed to ex...