Different RNA species are rigorously discriminated and exported by distinct export factors, but this discrimination mechanism remains largely unknown. We previously showed, by RNA microinjection experiments, that intronless mRNAs are discriminated from U snRNAs based on their difference in RNA length. However, it was unclear how they are discriminated in the natural situation in which their nas...

The yeast Sac3:Cdc31:Sus1:Thp1 (TREX-2) complex facilitates the repositioning and association of actively transcribing genes with nuclear pores (NPCs)-"gene gating"-that is central to integrating transcription, processing, and mRNA nuclear export. We present here the crystal structure of Sus1 and Cdc31 bound to a central region of Sac3 (the CID domain) that is crucial for its function. Sac3(CID...

Export of mRNA from the nucleus is a central process in eukaryotic gene expression that has been implicated in several human diseases. Much of our understanding of how an mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm is derived from studies using yeast and fly models. We present here different mechanisms by which aberrant nuclear retention of mRNA can cause human disease. Emerging evidence that implicat...

In eukaryotic cells, the nuclear membrane creates a barrier between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Whereas RNA synthesis occurs in the nucleus, they mostly function in the cytoplasm; thus export of RNA molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is indispensable for normal function of the cells. The molecular mechanisms involved in each kind of cellular RNA export is gradually understood. The f...

This paper provides a microeconomic basis for simultaneously explaining two phenomena related to health insurance: camou age and ballooning. We use abortions in Switzerland as an illustrative example. First, a signi cant share of abortions is camou aged by contrived medical coding, and second, there is evidence of ballooning in that jurisdictions with strict enforcement of abortion regulation t...

a diversification of the country’s export structure through the concerted development of its export-oriented manufacturing capacity could offer a viable alternative, as also stipulated in the country’s second socioeconomic and cultural development plan, by increasing the resilience of its economy against external shocks, supporting employment creation and technological innovation, and adding do...

raisin is the second major export item in iranian agricultural section after pistachio. in this study, effects of exchange rate fluctuations were investigated on quantity and price of exported raisin. therefore, data of 1970 to 2008 were reviewed by time series analysis and estimated by auto-regressive distributed lag model (ardl). results show the absence of a long-term relationship between ex...

Several factors contribute to nuclear mRNA export in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, including Mex67p, Mtr2p, Gle1p, Nup159p, Dbp5p, and Rip1p. Strains carrying mutations in these factors show rapid and dramatic nuclear accumulation of poly(A)(+) RNA. We have characterized two heat shock mRNAs, SSA4 and HSP104, in these mutant backgrounds; each transcript concentrates in a single intranuclear focus. ...

International trade in services, defined as the backbone of global economy, is expected to take approximately 50% by 2040 globally. Among two service categories are financial and insurance & pension services. Considering contribution exports these services local economy increasing trend their export values, this study aims examine main determinants and, Therefore, it analyses impacts ch...