the carotid sinus is a modification in the vascular wall near the bifurcation each common carotid artery and acts as baroreceptor. in this study 16 adult and apparently healthy buffaloes ie. 8 male and 8 female used for the as well as macroscopic orientation microscopic study of the carotid sinus. our study revealed that in the buffalo, carotid sinus is a dilatation in common carotid artery at ...

OBJECTIVE We investigated the clinical anatomy of the levator ani nerve and its topographical relationship with the pudendal nerve. METHODS Ten female pelves were dissected and a pudendal nerve blockade was simulated. The course of the levator ani nerve and pudendal nerve was described quantitatively. The anatomical data were verified using (immuno-)histochemically stained sections of human f...

AIMS The diagnosis of pudendal neuralgia by pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome is essentially clinical. There are no pathognomonic criteria, but various clinical features can be suggestive of the diagnosis. We defined criteria that can help to the diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A working party has validated a set of simple diagnostic criteria (Nantes criteria). RESULTS The five essentials...

The patient was a 19-year-old man who was examined due to persistent penile erection, which appeared following a blow to the perineal region during work. Color Doppler ultrasonography of the corpora cavernosa revealed a cavity in one part of the cavernous artery that suggested a blood leak, and a diagnosis of high flow type priapism due to trauma was made. Bilateral internal pudendal arteriogra...

Pudendal neuralgia is a debilitating pain syndrome, and finding long-lasting treatment modalities has been challenging in pain management. The pudendal nerve has sensory and motor functions, and influences autonomic functions. Thus, entrapment or damage of this nerve can have multiple serious implications. The constellation of symptoms which result from injury to this nerve is commonly referred...

The article of Peng and Tumber (1) nicely reviewed current knowledge about ultrasound-guided interventional procedures for patients with piriformis syndrome, border nerve syndrome, and pudendal neuralgia. In the case of pudendal neuralgia, they stated that pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome might be caused either by the pudendal nerve entrapment between the sacrotuberous and the sacrospinous li...

Pudendal neuralgia (PN) is a result of pudendal nerve entrapment or injury, also called "Alcock syndrome." Pain that develops is often chronic, and at times debilitating. If conservative measures fail, invasive treatment modalities can be considered. The goal of this case report is to add to a small body of literature that a pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) ablation can be effectively used to treat ...

UNLABELLED Chronic perineal pain is often a difficult condition to manage. Current treatments include pudendal nerve injections and pudendal nerve release surgery. The obturator internus muscle has a close relationship to the pudendal nerve and might be a potential target for therapeutic intervention. PERSPECTIVE A case is presented of refractory perineal pain that was successfully treated by...

Perineal pain caused by pudendal nerve entrapment is a rarely reported entity, with only a handful of cases in the modern literature. A 25-yr-old male medical student had refractory unilateral orchialgia for 32 mo and concomitant proctalgia for 14 mo. Pain was positional in nature, exacerbated by sitting and partially relieved when standing or recumbent. Pudendal nerve entrapment was diagnosed ...