Although the extraocular muscles contain stretch receptors it is generally believed that their afferents exert no influence on the control of eye movement. However, we have shown previously that these afferent signals reach various brainstem centres concerned with eye movement, notably the vestibular nuclei, and that the decerebrate pigeon is a favourable preparation in which to study their eff...

This is the first study devoted to the histologic and histochemical characteristics of the orbicularis oculi muscle in children to the authors' knowledge. The orbicularis muscle was compared with extraocular, facial, and limb striated muscle. Light microscopy showed the orbicularis oculi muscle to be much smaller and more loosely packed than skeletal limb muscles. It further showed these muscle...

T, he culmination of more than a half century of research in frog muscle was the demonstration of the existence in that species of a separate and distinct slow or tonic striated muscle system that possessed its own peripheral nerve supply and motor units. Thus, the frog has two distinct contractile systems which have different biological functions: a fast or tetanic striate muscle system and a ...

Although the extraocular muscles contain stretch receptors it is generally believed that their afferents exert no influence on the control of eye movement. However, we have shown previously that these afferent signals reach various brainstem centres concerned with eye movement, notably the vestibular nuclei, and that the decerebrate pigeon is a favourable preparation in which to study their eff...

Background: Use of botulinum toxin is becoming a popular way in treatment of some forms of strabismus.To evaluate the morphological changes in the orbital surface layer muscles of the rabbit eye following a single injection of botulinum toxin. Methods: 10 white Dutch rabbits weighing 2–3 kg received either 10 units (group 1; n=5) or 20 units (group 2; n=5) of botulinum toxin into the superior r...

PURPOSE To analyze the histologic features of the insertion of the medial and the lateral rectus muscles in humans. METHODS Postmortem study performed on 49 extraocular muscles from 21 subjects without known ocular disease. All muscles were obtained no longer than 8 hours after death, after consent for autopsy. Thirty-seven lateral recti muscles and 12 medial recti muscles were studied with l...

We report a case of silicone oil migration to the lateral rectus muscle discovered during otherwise uncomplicated strabismus surgery in patient with multiple previous vitreoretinal surgical interventions. A 58-year-old female underwent correct long-standing sensory exotropia. This numerous interventions due complex history retinal detachments subsequent repairs, including inserting and removing...

Recent anatomical studies of extraocular muscles (EOM) demonstrate the stability of muscle paths. This is due to the fact that each rectus EOM passes through a pulley consisting of an encircling ring or sleeve of collagen. In this paper, the EOMs are modeled using the Hill type musculotendon complex and the effect of extraocular pulleys are studied. The model proposed by Martin and Schovanec in...