Extraocular muscle pulleys, now well known to be kinematically significant extraocular structures, have been noted in passing and described in fragments several times over the past two centuries. They were late to be fully appreciated because biomechanical modeling of the orbit was not available to derive their kinematic consequences, and because pulleys are distributed condensations of collage...

Orbital involvement in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is rare with very few published cases. We describe a case of unilateral isolated extraocular muscle enlargement in a patient with CLL. An incisional biopsy was performed from the left medial rectus muscle and histology revealed a lymphocytic infiltrate suggestive of CLL. Complete resolution of signs and symptoms was subsequently achieved...

PURPOSE Reattaching extraocular muscles by the conventional suturing method may be complicated by scleral perforation. The attachment of extraocular muscles, using fibrin sealants, avoids such risk. The authors evaluated the use of fibrin sealant in a laboratory rabbit model. METHODS Fifty-eight eyes of 29 rabbits were used in the study. In both eyes of each rabbit, the superior rectus muscle...

The technique and results of conjunctival autograft transplantation for advanced and recurrent pterygium are presented for 57 eyes of 54 patients. The pterygia were primary in 16 eyes and recurrent in 41; among the latter group, 14 patients had diplopia resulting from cicatricial involvement of the medial rectus muscle. In all cases, free conjunctival grafts from the superotemporal bulbar conju...

Extraocular muscle involvement in orbital disease is most frequently seen as a feature of thyroid orbitopathy (Graves' disease). However, a wide range of other conditions may alter the size, shape, and function of these muscles, with characteristic clinical manifestations or abnormalities visible on orbital imaging. The differential diagnosis of muscle disease can be narrowed by careful analysi...

It has been established that the extraocular muscles of several mammalian species possess two different types of muscle fibers, twitch and slow fibers, with distinct differences in their respective fine structures (1-8). In this investigation we have examined the fine structure of isolated and identified extraocular muscle fibers in rabbit. Though there has been general agreement on the differe...

It has been established that the extraocular muscles of several mammalian species possess two different types of muscle fibers, twitch and slow fibers, with distinct differences in their respective fine structures (1-8). In this investigation we have examined the fine structure of isolated and identified extraocular muscle fibers in rabbit. Though there has been general agreement on the differe...

Graves' ophthalmopathy is an autoimmune inflammatory process affecting primarily the extraocular muscles. The enlargement of these muscles is responsible for most of the important manifestations of the disease, including proptosis, lid retraction, diplopia, and optic neuropathy. Recently the optic neuropathy has been shown to correlate with extraocular muscle volume as determined by computed to...

Light microscopy, electron microscopy and morphometry revealed structural details and allowed generation of a three-dimensional reconstruction of the pulley and muscle-pulley interface of extraocular muscle. The inferior rectus orbital layer was bifurcate in shape and extended anterior to the pulley. The putative pulley structure itself was asymmetric; loosely attached at the orbital aspect it ...