Binary tournament (BT) selection is known as an established operator that has been employed in various problems. However, the development of evolutionary algorithms (EA), this a drawback providing efficient implementation union procedure, which cannot guarantee parsimonious knowledge base with reduced number rules. Therefore, paper introduces binary-standard deviation (SD) into EA enhancement B...

The purpose of this review is to present information about raw materials that can be used in pig and poultry diets and the factors responsible for variations in their mycotoxin contents. The levels of mycotoxins in pig and poultry feeds are calculated based on mycotoxin contamination levels of the raw materials with different diet formulations, to highlight the important role the stage of produ...

Optimization of the dietary formulation is the most effective way to reduce methane. Nineteen feed ingredients (brans, vegetable proteins, and grains) were evaluated for their potential to generate methane and change methanogen diversity using an in vitro ruminal fermentation technique. Feed formulations categorized into high, medium and low production based on methane production of each ingred...

Phytases are enzymes that hydrolyze the ester linkage of phytic acid, releasing inositol and inorganic phosphate. The phytic acid (phytate) is a major form of phosphorus in plant foods. Knowing that diet for animal of production has the cereal base (corn and soybean), primarily, broilers need for an alternative to use of the phosphate present in these ingredients, since it does not naturally pr...

The optimum amino acid balance for broilers varies with ambient temperature. In particular, the optimum dietary arginine:lysine ratio increases at heat-stress temperatures, probably reflecting a reduced uptake of arginine from the digestive tract. Feed enzymes have generally improved amino acid digestibility but a standardised digestibility procedure is required before digestible amino acids wi...

Introduction The poultry industry has recently dealt with fluctuating spikes in the price of various feed ingredients. When the cost of protein-rich feed ingredients goes up, the reduction of dietary crude protein via the use of commercially available amino acids becomes an effective formulation strategy that can reduce diet costs, maintain broiler performance and not interfere with feed millin...