This essay examines the economics of patronage and the roles of asymmetric information and reputation in the early modern reorganization of scientific activities, specifically their influence upon the historical formation of key elements in the ethos and organizational structure of publicly funded open science. The emergence during the late 16th and early 17th centuries of the idea and practice...

This study presents a reading of Catholicism in the historical novels Danish author Bernhard Severin Ingemann, written between 1824 and 1836, light so-called Nordic Sonderweg. The idea Sonderweg has been propounded studies since early 1990s gained significance ever since. main is that notion free peasant class, combined with Lutheranism, played crucial role rise modern democratic societies. pea...

The scenario was aggravated by the entry of western capitalism. From the beginning of the nineteenth century, the import of goods from abroad, especially opium, had risen steeply compared to exports. Thus the balance of trade went against China. The import hike was met by the export of large quantities of silver from China to other countries. Before the beginning of the nineteenth century, tael...

This paper describes the adaption and application of an algorithm called Feudal Reinforcement Learning to a complex gridworld navigation problem. The algorithm proved to be not easily adaptable and the results were unsatisfactory.

During the feudal Edo period (1603-1868) in Japan, the shogunate government relied for regional control on hereditary feudal barons as well as its own bakufu bureaucracy. Compared with hereditary lords, bakufu officials had shorter and uncertain tenure. Examining easily available historical data, the paper finds that regions ruled by bakufu bureaucrats are associated with (a) slower population ...

In England, serfdom had practically disappeared in the last part of the 14th century. The immense majority of the population [1] consisted then, and to a still larger extent, in the 15th century, of free peasant proprietors, whatever was the feudal title under which their right of property was hidden. In the larger seignorial domains, the old bailiff, himself a serf, was displaced by the free f...

It is useful to consider the trajectory of both scientific and literary publishing on the gridgroup plane defined by Mary Douglas which arranges attitudes along two axes: one ranging from the hierarchical to the egalitarian, and the other spanning individualistic to communitarian (figure 1). I would contend that, in both cases, there has been a move from the hierarchical/communitarian quadrant ...