Nigeria, due to its large population, has the highest absolute number of female genital mutilation (FGM) worldwide, accounting for about one-quarter of the estimated 115-130 million circumcised women in the world. The objective of this review is to ascertain the current status of FGM in Nigeria. Pertinent literature on FGM retrieved from internet services [Google search on FGM in Nigeria, www.o...

BACKGROUND The physical and psychological impact of female genital mutilation / cutting (FGM/C) can be substantial, long term, and irreversible. Parts of the health sector in Australia have developed guidelines in the management of FGM/C, but large gaps exist in community and professional knowledge of the consequences and treatment of FGM/C. The prevalence of FGM/C amongst Australian women is u...

BACKGROUND Female genital mutilation (FGM) is one of the important aspects of reproductive health. The economic, social and health consequences of FGM threaten the achievement of sustainable development goals. The purpose of this study was to assess the economic, social and reproductive health consequences of FGM from the perspective of individual, family, community and health system. METHODS...

Because of the wide variety of composite materials that are available, and the expense involved in testing to measure properties for design purposes (such as their damage tolerance), there is a need to develop predictive methods that can readily be utilised on desk-top computers. It is inevitable that such methods will be based on analytical rather than finite element techniques. A review is gi...

This paper describes analytical methods that can be used to determine the deflections and stresses in highly compliant graphite-reinforced cementitious composites. It is demonstrated that the standard transform section method fails to provide accurate results when the elastic modulus ratio exceeds 20. So an alternate approach is formulated by using the rule of mixtures to determine a set of eff...

BACKGROUND Over the past few decades Egypt has attempted to limit and control female genital mutilation (FGM). However, these efforts have not succeeded in curbing the practice, which maintains wide popular support and is firmly embedded in local traditions and structures. An attitudinal change is therefore a prerequisite for any successful campaign against FGM. This paper charts the evolution ...

Engineering structures which are based on laminated composites have a high probability of unexpected damage developing during service. The damaged formations must be monitored from the beginning before they head towards structural failure which could result in substantial damage. This leads to the necessity of a structural health monitoring (SHM) system to be installed during the construction o...

Potentially having a destructive influence on the mechanical properties of composite laminates, the invisible phenomenon of delamination frequently occurs under impact loading. In the present study, simulating the performance of long-gauge fiber Bragg grating sensors, impact-induced average strains within laminated composites are utilized to develop a delamination identification technique. Firs...

OBJECTIVES To elucidate the attitudes of women and their husband's towards female genital mutilation (FGM) and their associations with the continuation of FGM upon their daughters. METHODS Subjects were 10,345 (in 1997) and 11,252 (in 2003) ever married women aged 15 to 49 years from the Yemen Demographic Health Surveys. Performances of FGM on the most-recently-born daughters were investigate...

BACKGROUND Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) or cutting caries legal and bioethical debates and it is practiced in many developing countries. METHODS Random selection of 154 midwives was used for the study during June 2012 and through July 2012 aiming to assess knowledge and attitudes of the midwives towards FGM in Eastern Sudan. RESULTS A total of 157 midwives enrolled in this study. They ha...