introduction: neural stimulation is a promising new technology for the treatment of medically-intractable seizures.  transcranial magnetic stimulation (tms) is a simple, non-invasive, low cost technique which is widely used in neurophysiology. in a few studies that have been performed at different frequencies the therapeutic effects of this technique were not obvious. repetition of low frequenc...

for the first time in the history of logic, abd al razzaq al-jili (d. 570/1174), in the treatise al-lame fi al-shakl al-rabe, dealt with the modal syllogisms of the fourth figure. previous to him, dinha, the priest, and ibn salah al-hamadani had discussed the non-modal moods of the fourth figure. jili’s treatise deals only with simple modalities and ignores the complex ones. his pupil, fakhr al...