Plants produce a diverse repertoire of specialized metabolites that have multiple roles throughout their life cycle. Some of these metabolites are essential components of the aroma and flavor of flowers and fruits. Unfortunately, attempts to increase the yield and prolong the shelf life of crops have generally been associated with reduced levels of volatile specialized metabolites and hence wit...

Introduction: The quality of fresh produce has traditionally been based on external characteristics of size, color, and absence of surface defects. Fruit and vegetable breeders selected for color, size, disease resistance, yield and other easily quantified horticultural traits. Because flavor and texture characteristics were not a part of the selection process, improvements in these quality att...

Extreme conditions present in the interiors of core-collapse supernovae make neutrino-neutrino interactions not only feasible but dominant specific regions, leading to nonlinear evolution neutrino flavor. Results obtained when such collective oscillations are treated mean-field approximation deviate from results using many-body picture because ignored quantum correlations. We first three-flavor...

The cortical processing of umami shows what makes it pleasant and appetitive. The pleasantness of umami reflects and is correlated with processing in the secondary taste cortex in the orbitofrontal cortex and tertiary taste cortex in the anterior cingulate cortex, whereas processing in the primary (insular) taste cortex reflects physical properties such as intensity. However, glutamate presente...

Umami taste is produced by glutamate acting on a fifth taste system. However, glutamate presented alone as a taste stimulus is not highly pleasant, and does not act synergistically with other tastes (sweet, salt, bitter and sour). We show here that when glutamate is given in combination with a consonant, savory, odour (vegetable), the resulting flavor can be much more pleasant. Moreover, we sho...