Infrastructure embankment failures due to flooding have been recorded in many countries. The consequences of flood-induced mainly limited infrastructure downtime; however, caused fatalities and include multiple near-miss events. Here we review the types flood which cause transportation failure associated failure, processes potential for lasting slope weakening after flooding. Four transport are...

We have devized a methodology that mines sequential navigation patterns from a website's logs to enable us to identify the most signi cant associative links in the networks. Spreading activation can then be applied to the generated network of weighted hyperlinks enabling the content-dependent, semantic retrieval of nodes in the network. This approach to information retrieval avoids many of the ...

Motivated by the properties of spreading activation and conceptual distance, the authors propose a metric, called Distance, on the power set of nodes in a semantic net. Distance is the average minimum path length over all painvise combinations of nodes between two subsets of nodes. Distance can be successfully used to assess the conceptual distance between sets of concepts when used on a semant...

After an outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Southern Mauritania in 1987, entomologic studies were conducted in a bordering region in Sénégal from 1991 to 1996 to identify the sylvatic vectors of Rift Valley fever virus. The virus was isolated from the floodwater mosquitoes Aedes vexans and Ae. ochraceus. In 1974 and 1983, the virus had been isolated from Ae. dalzieli. Although these vectors diffe...

This paper provides an overview of structural and non-structural alternatives for accommodating larger floods at dams. The first two alternatives discussed, raising the height of the project and/or lowering the reservoir pool, can be used to prevent overtopping by increasing the available floodwater detention storage in the reservoir. Data gathered by an ASCE task committee survey on modificati...

The Mānā Plain is a land apart, buffered from oceanographic influences by ~3–35 m high backshore deposits, and drained an intricate, >100-y-old ditch system modern, large-capacity pumps. Quantifying present prospective inputs outputs for the hydrologic landscape suggests that, although sea-level rise (SLR) will begin to impact operations in 2040, transient, event-based flooding caused rainfa...

Stagnant flooding (SF) is a major problem in rainfed lowlands where floodwater of 25-50 cm stagnates in the field for most of the season. We aimed to establish a system for phenotyping SF tolerance and identifying tolerant germplasm through screening of landraces. A total of 626 rice accessions were evaluated over 3 years under control conditions and two levels of SF. Floodwater was raised to 2...