The development of flame ionization detection took place on an empirical basis without a clear understanding of the 1 mechanism. The study of flames by mass spectrometry showed that the all-important ion was the formylium ion CHO . The pre-combustion degradation was thought to be a pyrolytic degradation and hydrogenation at the high temperatures obtained close to the combustion zone. Using a ca...

Landfill gas (LFG) that is generated in an anaerobic environment in landfills and consists primarily of methane and carbondioxide with small amount of nitrogen and other non-methane gases, could be collected and used to produce energy either by extracting methane or using the landfill gas directly in an internal combustion engine or a gas turbine. It amounts to be a net-negative greenhouse gas ...

Premixed flames encounter gradients of mixture equivalence ratio in stratified charge engines, lean premixed gas-turbine engines, and a variety of other applications. In cases for which the scales—spatial or temporal—of fuel concentration gradients in the reactants are comparable to flame scales, changes in burning rate, flammability limits, and flame structure have been observed. This paper us...

FLAME CURTAIN BIOCHAR KILNS Pyrolysis of organic waste or woody materials yields charcoal, a stable carbonaceous product that can be used for cooking or mixed into soil, in the latter case often termed "biochar". Traditional kiln technologies for charcoal production are slow and without treatment of the pyrolysis gases, resulting in emissions of gases (mainly methane and carbon monoxide) and ae...

Enhanced Heat Release Rate (HRR) methodology has been extended to the Mass Loss Calorimeter (MLC) and the Modified Schlyter flame spread test to evaluate fire retardant effectiveness used on wood based materials. Modifications to MLC include installation of thermopile on the chimney walls to correct systematic errors to the sensible HRR calculations to account for radiant energy losses to the c...

As a fundamental study in the application to direct-injection spark-ignition engines or gas turbines, in which mixture stratification and partial quenching are of serious concerns, unsteady premixed methane/ air flames subjected to time-varying composition fluctuations are investigated computationally. The code OPUS employs an unsteady opposed-flow combustion configuration, including detailed c...

The interaction of a vortex pair with a premixed flame serves as an important prototype for premixed turbulent combustion. In this study, we investigate the interaction of a counter-rotating vortex pair with an initially flat premixed methane flame. We compare computational solutions obtained using a timedependent, two-dimensional adaptive low Mach number combustion algorithm that incorporates ...

The effects of fuel and air stream dilution (ASD) with carbon dioxide on the suppression of normal and microgravity laminar methane–air partially premixed coflow jet flames were experimentally and numerically investigated. Experiments were conducted both in our normal-gravity laboratory and at the NASA Glenn Research Center 2.2 s drop tower. Measurements included flame topology and liftoff heig...

via Rate-Controlled Constrained Equilibrium S. Rigopoulos , S. Navarro-Martinez , 1 School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, UK 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK Abstract The objective of this paper is the simulation of a turbulent lifted flame via employing Rate-Controlled Constrained Equilibrium (RCCE) for the chemistry...

Contour Advection with Surgery (CAS) is used to simulate turbulent premixed combustion. This paper presents results from calculations of methane/air mixtures and ethylene/air mixtures with equivalence ratios ranging from 0.8 to 1.6 with different turbulence intensities. The positions, thicknesses and half-angles of the turbulent flame zones are compared for each case by plotting contour maps of...