2). A theory has been developed (Whitehead 2000) that describes the effects of density stratification on the sinking of dense water. Some laboratory experiments were started under this project. A thin surface layer of fresher water (like the arctic halocline) produces multiple equilibrium behavior if it is cooled and also subjected to large friction as for example will be found under rough sea ...

Currently, several desalination facilities have been proposed to operate or are actually operating in California. These facilities' use of reverse osmosis (RO) may discharge hypersaline reject brine into the marine environment. The risks, if any, this brine would pose to coastal receiving waters are unknown. To test the toxicity of hypersaline brine in the absence of any additional toxic consti...

The fossil diatom record from Elk Lake (Grant County, Minnesota) was used to reconstruct salinity and brine type between 2640 and 4645 14C yr BP. This lake was selected for a brine-type reconstruction because a previous study using fossil-ostracode assemblages indicated a shift in anion composition during the mid-Holocene (Smith et al., 1997). Salinity was reconstructed using a transfer functio...

a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Low-salinity Waterflood LSW Brine Double-layer Sandstone Carbonate Film Low-salinity waterflooding is a relatively new method for improved oil recovery that has generated much interest. It is generally believed that low-salinity brine alters the wettability of oil reservoir rocks towards a wetting state that is optimal for recovery. The mechanism(s) by which the ...

For the first time an attempt is made to derive a theoretical relationship between sea-ice strength and the controlling factors of salinity, temperature, and density. A geometric model of the ice-brine relationship is constructed from photographs and used to calculate tensile strength of warm (above 20°C) sea ice. The theoretical results compare well with experimental data. The model developed ...

It is often presumed that fine-scale surface pores and roughness in reservoir rock remain water-wet. To test this assumption, deposition tendency of asphaltenes and resins during crude oil aging of brine-filled pores was investigated. Model frameworks of water-wet silica with sub-micron pores were synthesized as planar films of thickness 5 μm. These pore networks were conditioned in brine, subm...

Ion exchange technology is currently the best for removing nitrate from drinking water. However, problems related to the disposal of spent brine from regeneration of exhausted resins must be overcome so that ion exchange can be applied more widely and economically, especially in small communities. For this purpose, a novel spent brine recycling system using combined biological denitrification a...

The reverse osmosis (RO) brine generated from the Al-Quds University wastewater treatment plant was treated using an epuvalisation system. The advanced integrated wastewater treatment plant included an activated sludge unit, two consecutive ultrafiltration (UF) membrane filters (20 kD and 100 kD cutoffs) followed by an activated carbon filter and a reverse osmosis membrane. The epuvalisation sy...

This study aimed to address the challenges and strategies determine critical rate of CO2 injection into a carbonate depleted gas field. In this research, is maximum allowable before formation damage initiation. The cause could be due in-situ mobilization or trapping migratory fines resulting in plugging flow path. performed thorough investigation different rock-fluid system evaluate safe limit,...

Marine Mg-evaporites are a small oceanic sink of magnesium, precipitating only from extremely evaporated brines. The isotopic composition Mg in seawater, δ26Mgseawater, has recently been shown to be an effective tool for reconstructing the budget modern and past oceans. However, estimations isotope fractionation between their solution required full quantification effect evaporitic on as well ut...