The dorsal and ventral periaqueductal gray (dPAG and vPAG, respectively) are embedded in distinct survival networks that coordinate, respectively, innate and conditioned fear-evoked freezing. However, the information encoded by the PAG during these survival behaviors is poorly understood. Recordings in the dPAG and vPAG in rats revealed differences in neuronal activity associated with the two b...

OBJECTIVE Biomaterial technology, when combined with emerging human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology, provides a promising strategy for patient-specific tissue engineering. In this study, we have evaluated the physical effects of collagen scaffolds fabricated at various freezing temperatures on the behavior of hiPSC-derived neural progenitors (hiPSC-NPs). In addition, the coatin...

The noradrenergic (NA) projections arising from the locus ceruleus (LC) to the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis have been implicated in the formation of emotional memory. Since NA neurons in the LC (LC-NA neurons) abundantly express orexin receptor-1 (OX1R) and receive prominent innervation by orexin-producing neurons, we hypothesized that an OX1R-mediated pathway is involved in...

We have performed parallel tempering Monte Carlo simulations using a simple continuum heteropolymer model for proteins. All 10 heteropolymer sequences which we have studied have shown first-order transitions at low temperature to ordered states dominated by single chain conformations. These results are in contrast with the theoretical predictions of the random energy model for heteropolymers, f...

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a crucial role in emotional learning and memory in rodents and humans. While many studies suggest a differential role for the prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) subdivisions of mPFC, few have considered the relationship between neural activity in these two brain regions recorded simultaneously in behaving animals. Importantly, how concurrent PL and IL ...

In the twenty-three years that have elapsed since the announcement by Rous of his discovery of a fowl sarcoma transmissible by a presumably cell-free filtrate, the exact nature of the causative agent is still undetermined. Of the three principal possibilities, that of filter-passing tumor cells would seem to be excluded rather definitely. But whether we are dealing with a living agent, or with ...