Improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and/or penetration depth can be achieved in medical ultrasound by using long coded waveforms, in a similar manner as in radars or sonars. However, the time-bandwidth product (TB) improvement, and thereby SNR improvement is considerably lower in medical ultrasound, due to the lower available bandwidth. There is still space for about 20 dB improvement in...

A theory of resource-bounded dimension is developed using gales, which are natural generalizations of martingales. When the resource bound ∆ (a parameter of the theory) is unrestricted, the resulting dimension is precisely the classical Hausdorff dimension (sometimes called “fractal dimension”). Other choices of the parameter ∆ yield internal dimension theories in E, E2, ESPACE, and other compl...

The SAS system V.8 implements the computation of unweighted and weighted kappa statistics as an option in the FREQ procedure. A major limitation of this implementation is that the kappa statistic can only be evaluated when the number of raters is limited to 2. Extensions to the case of multiple raters due to Fleiss (1971) have not been implemented in the SAS system. A SAS macro called MAGREE.SA...

This study assessed electrical impedance myography (EIM) changes after spinal cord injury (SCI) with a localized multifrequency technology. The EIM measurement was performed on the biceps brachii muscle at rest condition of 17 cervical SCI subjects, and 23 neurologically intact subjects as control group. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in muscle reactance (X) and phase ...

OBJECTIVE To compare two methods of developing short forms of the Malaysian Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-M) measure. METHOD Cross sectional data obtained using the long form of the OHIP-M was used to produce two types of OHIP-M short forms, derived using two different methods; namely regression and item frequency methods. The short version derived using a regression method is known as Reg...

Method: F o rty-two patients with low-grade brain tumor and re f r a c t o ry epilepsy were studied. The mean age was 22.3 years. They were divided into two groups: Group A, patients with ganglioglioma (n=19) and group B, patients with other low-grade tumors (n=23) (14 astrocytoma, 6 oligodend roglioma, 2 dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, and 1 xanthoastro c y t o m a ) . Results: Age at ...

Data on 393 002 parturitions and performance in the following production cycle were collected from the SYMLEK database for 145 457 Polish Holstein-Friesian cows representing the active population in the Pomorze and Kujawy regions. The animals first calved during 2000–2012 and were used or culled by the end of 2013. GLM and FREQ procedures of the SAS package were used for the statistical calcula...

OBJECTIVE To correlate epidemiological data, lifestyle, and psychosocial factors as predictors for clinical manifestation of back pain in patients treated at the orthopedic emergency unit of a Brazilian tertiary care hospital, and to evaluate their interest in participating in a hypothetical program for physical rehabilitation. METHODS This is an observational cross-sectional study. We evalua...

When comparing two proportions, it is often desirable to have more information than simply the p-value from a hypothesis test. The SAS® procedure FREQ provides both an approximate and an exact p-value, as well as an approximate confidence interval for the ratio of the two proportions. Calculation of the difference of two proportions and any confidence interval for this difference, however, must...

Large sample-based surveys often have complex sample designs, with design features including stratification, clustering, multi-stage sampling, and unequal probability of selection of observations. The calculation of the associated sampling weights often involves nonresponse adjustments and raking to external control totals. The analysis usually includes descriptive statistics such as frequencie...