This saying was already a popular metaphor in the middle ages, and still is. A contemporary meaning of this would be: one who discovers by building on discoveries made by predecessors. And in this issue of the European Respiratory Journal, CHANG et al. [1] have done exactly that. Appreciating and using the ideas of a classical physiological study [2], and combining this with the results of mode...

The title of this piece refers to Newton’s only known modest remark: “If I have seen farther than other men, it was because I was standing on the shoulders of giants.” Since he himself was so much greater than his predecessors, he was in fact standing on the shoulders of dwarfs, a much less attractive metaphor. I intend no comparisons with Newton inwhat follows: NLP/CL has noNewtons and noNobel...

OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between a number of clinically relevant variables and sonographic imaging data in respect to the level of impairment experienced in the affected and unaffected shoulders of hemiplegic stroke patients. METHOD Fifty-one hemiplegic stroke patients (32 males, 19 females; 29 right-sided hemiplegics, 22 left-sided hemiplegics) participated in this study. A musc...

A radiological study of the intraprosthetic movements of a bipolar shoulder replacement was undertaken in 25 shoulders in 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and rotator cuff arthropathy. No significant difference was found between intraprosthetic movement and shell - glenoid movement. Some shoulders were found to exhibit paradoxical movement at the intraprosthetic interface. Repeating the me...