Distributed Raman amplifier (DRA) has been widely studied in recent decades because of its low noise figure and flexible gain. In this paper, we present a novel scheme DRA with broadband amplified spontaneous emission(ASE) source as pump instead discrete lasers. The is optimized by machine learning based inverse design shaped programmable waveshaper, so to realize the ultrafine, dynamic arbitra...

This paper presents a cross-sectional study testing whether dolphins that are born in aquarium pools where they hear trainers' whistles develop whistles that are less frequency modulated than those of wild dolphins. Ten pairs of captive and wild dolphins were matched for age and sex. Twenty whistles were sampled from each dolphin. Several traditional acoustic features (total duration, duration ...

The design of a 3.0-7.5 GHz UWB CMOS power amplifier (PA) for group 1~3 MB-OFDM UWB applications in TSMC 0.18-μm CMOS technology is presented. The UWB PA proposed in this paper uses a current-reused technique to enhance the gain at the upper end of the desired band, and the resistive feedback at the second stage is used to obtain gain flatness. The shunt-shunt feedback is used to enhance bandwi...

The problem of routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) in all-optical WDM networks has been deeply investigated in the literature. Most of these studies neglect the impact of transmission impairments on the feasibility of all-optical connections. Actually, the optical signal undergoes along its route various transmission impairments like attenuation, dispersion, nonlinearities, etc. In fully op...

This article studies the control of bidirectional interlink power converters (BILPCs) in hybrid microgrids (HMGs). Here, BILPCs interconnect a dc microgrid to an ac grid-connected HMG. Thanks flatness property differential equations BILPCs, method is able provide desirable output characteristics and robustness against unmodeled dynamics unknown inputs. First, flat models single BILPC parallel-c...

We investigate the phenomenon of selection via flatness. In the static case, the finiteness of the population does not seriously influence the increase of mean fitness of population due to flatness around a peak. The effect is proportional to 1/square root(L), where L is the genome length. We investigated the two peak model (high peak and a flat peak). We find that the selection of flatness for...