The impact of mechanical site preparation (MSP) on soil biogeochemical structure in young larch plantations was investigated. Soil samples were collected in replicated plots comprising simple trenching, double trenching, mounding and inverting site preparation. Unlogged natural mixed forest areas were used as a reference. Analysis of soil nutrients, abundance of bacteria and gas exchanges unvei...

Phonation valves are commonly used devices that allow the restoration of speech in tracheostomised patients. However, their use should not compromise the physiological benefit of tracheostomy. Six commercialised phonation valves were studied in a dynamic set-up simulating a respiratory frequency of 20 breaths.min(-1), a tidal volume of 0.5 L and a peak flow rate of 0.5 L.s(-1). Resistance and a...

In this brief, we describe the breadth of physician provider networks offered on the health insurance marketplaces in 2016, and present differences by plan type, physician specialty, and state. We also compare networks in 2016 to those in 2014. We find little change in overall prevalence of narrow networks, but we find important geographic shifts and a trend towards x-small networks among plans...