While ascension of Chlamydia trachomatis into the upper genital tract of women can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and Fallopian tube damage, most infections elicit no symptoms or overt upper genital tract pathology. Consistent with this asymptomatic clinical presentation, genital C. trachomatis infection of women generates robust TH2 immunity. As an animal model that modeled this response wo...

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of the genital tract is associated with the development of genital warts. A causal link between maternal HPV infection and development of laryngeal papillomatosis in the offspring has been proposed. We report a case of pulmonary cystic disease, a rare but serious complication of laryngeal papillomatosis in a child, following maternal genital warts.

MyD88, a key adaptor molecule required for many innate immunity receptor-activated signaling pathways, was evaluated in a Chlamydia muridarum urogenital tract infection model. Compared with wild-type mice, MyD88 knockout (KO) mice failed to produce significant levels of inflammatory cytokines in the genital tract during the first week of chlamydial infection. MyD88 KO mice developed a Th2-domin...

Following sexual transmission, Chlamydia trachomatis specifically targets genital tract epithelial cells. Because epithelial cells are readily recognized by CD8+ T cells, the response of CD8+ T cells to Chlamydia infection has been explored in a number of studies. It has been shown that CD8+ T cells are present in the genital tracts of mice following C. trachomatis infection, but the specificit...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES The mechanisms that protect female upper genital tract from ascending infection by microbes present in vagina are only partially understood. It is expected that epithelial cells in mucosal surfaces and their secretions directly interfere with microbial colonization and invasion. This study was aimed to demonstrate the expression of 2 kDa antimicrobial peptide which was i...

The mucosal human papillomaviruses (HPVs) primarily infect the genital tract, but they also infect the mucosa lining the aerodigestive tract where they are etiologically linked to two clinical entities. The high-risk HPV type 16, which is responsible for about 50% of cervical cancers, is linked to a subset of oropharyngeal/ tonsillar cancers. Low-risk HPV types 6 and 11, which cause a large maj...

Ultrasonography is the most frequently used imaging investigation in the assessment of the female genital tract. Most often the uterus and ovaries are evaluated with the help 2D transabdominal or endovaginal ultrasonography. The interpretation of the ultrasonographic data in order to establish the diagnosis of the main uterine and ovarian pathologies requires information about the examination t...

Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that is widely used in the treatment of patients with breast cancer and for chemoprophylaxis in high risk women. Tamoxifen results in a spectrum of abnormalities involving the genital tract, the most significant being an increased incidence of endometrial cancer and uterine sarcoma. This article reviews the effects of tamoxifen on the ...

 Some drugs included in Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) are not able to penetrate the genital tract; of those that can, only a small number do so effectively (i.e. suboptimal drug levels). This lack of penetration can be problematic as drug-resistant strains of HIV can replicate in the genital tract, which can act as separate compartment in the body, which means that virologic fai...