Small populations are more prone to extinction if the dispersal among them is not adequately maintained by ecological connections. The degree of isolation between populations could be evaluated measuring their genetic distance, which depends on the respective geographic (isolation by distance, IBD) and/or ecological (isolation by resistance, IBR) distances. The aim of this study was to assess t...

Climate refugia, where local populations of species can persist through periods unfavorable regional climate, play a key role in the maintenance biodiversity during times environmental change. However, ability refugia to buffer change may be mediated by landscape context refugial habitats. Here, we examined how plant communities restricted sky islands alpine tundra Colorado Rockies are changing...

The integrated satellite and terrestrial network has become one of the frontier technologies next generation mobile communication system. is used as an extension supplement ground to achieve seamless coverage wireless communications. spectrum sharing realized from perspective planning, considering number co-frequency terminals distance between terminal center beam. existing schemes use concept ...

Amphibians worldwide are facing rapid declines due to habitat loss and fragmentation, disease, and other causes. Where habitat alteration is implicated, there is a need for spatially explicit conservation plans. Models built with geographic information systems (GIS) are frequently used to inform such planning. We explored the potential for using GIS models of functional landscape connectivity a...

The geographic variation in skull size and shape of the swamp rat Scapteromys tumidus was examined in samples from eight geographic clusters in almost of its distribution in southern Brazil and Uruguay. For analysis we used two-dimensional geometric morphometric methods for dorsal, ventral and lateral views of the skull. The geometric descriptors showed no significant differences in skull size ...

background: the tan spot disease of wheat caused by pyrenophera tritici-repentis has become a major disease in most wheat growing areas worldwide. objectives: here we used issr and rapd markers to study the genetic diversity of 34 p. tritici-repentis isolates collected from north of iran.materials and methods: the leaves having the typical symptoms of tan spot disease were collected and after f...