The number of people using English for international communication is increasing on an unprecedented scale and the spread of English shows no signs of stopping. There is a growing body of research on the phenomenon of international English, yet international English is defined variously in the literature and what is included in these definitions differs considerably. This review seeks to examin...

In the relatively few years since empirical research into English as a Lingua Franca began being conducted more widely, the field has developed and expanded remarkably, and in myriad ways. In particular, researchers have explored ELF from the perspective of a range of linguistic levels and in an ever-increasing number of sociolinguistic contexts, as well as its synergies with the field of Inter...

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We demonstrate the presence of animal personality in an inter-tidal gastropod, Littorina littorea, both in a sample of individuals infected by the trematode Cryptocotyle lingua and in an uninfected sample. On average infected individuals behaved more cautiously than individuals free of infection, but the parasite did not affect repeatability. Although the parasite is not associated with greater...

It is now ten years since a 'ventral language pathway' was demonstrated in vivo in the human brain. In the intervening decade, this result has been replicated and expanded to include multiple possible pathways and functions. Despite this considerable level of research interest, age-old debates regarding the origin, course, termination and, indeed, the very existence of the tracts identified sti...

The questions and methods of molecular biology and evolutionary biology are clearly distinct, yet a unified approach can lead to deep insights. Unfortunately, attempts to unify these approaches are fraught with pitfalls. In this informal series of questions and answers, we offer the mechanistically oriented biologist a set of steps to come up with evolutionarily reasonable and meaningful hypoth...

AGENTIVE NOUNS AND DERIVED VERBS IN HAUSA Russell G. Schuh Linguistics 105 Sample Paper 1. Background on the Hausa Language Hausa is a language of the Chadic family, one of the branches of the Afroasiatic phylum, which also includes the Semitic, Berber, and Cushitic families as well as the Egyptian language. Hausa is the first language of perhaps 30 million people in northern Nigeria and southe...

Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome is an uncommon disorder which is presented by a triad of lip swelling, facial nerve palsy, and a fissured tongue. A number of treatments have been reported for this syndrome with variable outcomes. We have reported a 38-year-old female patient with lower lip swelling and a fissured tongue on clinical examination. She was also suffering from facial nerve paralysis s...

__________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction: Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) is a rare neurologic disease of unknown etiology. It is characterized by a triad of symptoms: relapsing peripheral facial paralysis; orofacial edema and fissured tongue. The pathological findings are varied but often characterized by the presence of noncas...

Geographic tongue is a chronic, inflammatory, and immune-mediated oral lesion of unknown etiology. It is characterized by serpiginous white areas around the atrophic mucosa, which alternation between activity, remission and reactivation at various locations gave the names benign migratory glossitis and wandering rash of the tongue. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease with frequent cutan...