The possible role of immunologic mechanisms in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis was suggested in 1908 by Schick (2), who compared the delay in appearance of serum sickness after injection of heterologous serum to the latent period between scarlet fever and onset of acute glomerulonephritis. Evidence in support of this concept is the depression of serum complement during the early stag...

Background: Diabetic nephropathy is one of the causes of end stage renal diseases (ESRD). Increase of IGF-1(insulin like growth factor) and GH (growth hormone) in diabetes induce kidney lesions especially Intraglomerular mesangial expansion, glomerular sclerosis and finally nephron dysfunction. In this research, IGF-1 and GH production inhibition by octreotide and sclerosis inhibition assessed ...

The interplay between olfactory activity and cholinergic modulation remains to be fully understood. This report examines the pattern of cholinergic innervation throughout the murine main olfactory bulb across different developmental stages and in naris-occluded animals. To visualize the pattern of cholinergic innervation, we used a transgenic mouse model, which expresses a fusion of the microtu...

This paper presents a computational model for chemical sensor arrays inspired by the first two stages in the olfactory pathway: distributed coding with olfactory receptor neurons and chemotopic convergence onto glomerular units. We propose a monotonic concentration-response model that maps conventional sensor-array inputs into a distributed activation pattern across a large population of neuror...

Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis is a rare condition usually affecting children and young adults, both male and female. It is characterised by intermittent episodes of pulmonary haemorrhage producing haemoptysis, iron deficiency anaemia and in its early stages a rise in KICO (transfer factor per unit of alveolar volume). Electron microscopic studies have demonstrated damage to the capillary ...

Objective: To determine the frequency of chronic kidney disease and its associated risk factors in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
 Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
 Place Duration Study: Combined Military Hospital Malir Cantt, Karachi, from Jan to Jun 2019.
 Methodology: A total 203 adult Type Mellitus were included study after taking informed consent on justificatio...

BACKGROUND Changes caused by clonidine in rodent electroencephalograms (EEG) have been reported with some inconsistency. For this reason, a pre-clinical study was conducted in order to confirm previous findings with both a standard spectral analysis and a sleep stage scoring procedure. In addition, a nonlinear technique for analysing the time-varying signals was implemented to compare its perfo...

While the functions of sleep remain largely unknown, one of the most exciting and contentious hypotheses is that sleep contributes importantly to memory. A large number of studies offer a substantive body of evidence supporting this role of sleep in what is becoming known as sleep-dependent memory processing. This review will provide evidence of sleep-dependent memory consolidation and sleep-de...