Fructose is a hexose sugar that is being increasingly consumed in its monosaccharide form. Patients who exhibit fructose malabsorption can present with gastrointestinal symptoms that include chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain. However, with no clearly established gastrointestinal mechanism for fructose malabsorption, patient analysis by the proxy of a breath hydrogen test (BHT) is controversia...

In Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris FD1, galactose and lactose are both transported and phosphorylated by phosphotransferase systems. Lactose 6-phosphate (lactose-6P) is hydrolyzed intracellularly to galactose-6P and glucose. Glucose enters glycolysis as glucose-6P, whereas galactose-6P is metabolized via the tagatose-6P pathway and enters glycolysis at the tagatose diphosphate and fructose d...

We studied the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (galU) and UDP-galactose epimerase (galE) genes of Lactococcus lactis MG1363 to investigate their involvement in biosynthesis of UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose, which are precursors of glucose- and galactose-containing exopolysaccharides (EPS) in L. lactis. The lactococcal galU gene was identified by a PCR approach using degenerate primers and was fou...

Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods, we attempted to explain the experimental results on ligand specificity of glucose/galactose-binding protein (GGBP) to β-D-glucose and β-D-galactose. For the simulation, a three-dimensional structure of GGBP was prepared, and homology modeling was performed to generate variant structures of GGBP with mutations at Asp14. Then, docking was carried ...

Concern exists that increasing fructose consumption, particularly in the form of high-fructose corn syrup, is resulting in increasing rates of fructose intolerance and aggravation of clinical symptoms in individuals with irritable bowel syndrome. Most clinical trials designed to test this hypothesis have used pure fructose, a form not commonly found in the food supply, often in quantities and c...

The relationship between the pathways of glucose and galactose utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied. Galactose (which is transported and phosphorylated by inducible systems) is a strong inhibitor of the utilization of glucose, fructose and mannose (which have the same constitutive transport and phosphorylation systems). Conversely, all these three hexoses inhibit the utiliza...

The addition of D-glucose, D-galactose, or D-mannose to culture medium increased survival of heated Chinese hamster ovary cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Heat protection by sugars was not immediate but required prior incubation in the sugar medium before hyperthermia. The degree of heat protection conferred by each sugar and its time dependence differed characteristically: ...

BACKGROUND Substituting galactose for glucose in cell culture media has been suggested to enhance mitochondrial metabolism in a variety of cell lines. We studied the effects of carbohydrate availability on growth, differentiation and metabolism of C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We measured growth rates, ability to differentiate, citrate synthase and respiratory c...

The Na(+)/glucose cotransporter gene SGLT1 was analyzed in a Japanese patient with congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption. Genomic DNA was used as a template for amplification by the polymerase chain reaction of each of the 15 exons of SGLT1. The amplification products were cloned and sequenced. About half of the exon 5 clones of the patient contained a C-->T transition, resulting in an Arg...