This study aims to examine the effect of investment and consumption spending on Indonesia’s economic growth. The data used is the quarterly time series data from the first quarter of year 2003 to the fourth quarter of year 2013, comprising consumption spending, investment and economic growth. For the purpose of analysis, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is used. The result of the...

A number of recent studies have attempted to identify the determinants of government size. It is well known that the size of government has implications for welfare and economic growth. This paper shows that the size of the fixed cost involving public good provision affects the magnitude of capital inflow induced changes in government size and welfare. By making use of a simulation exercise, it...

How do International Monetary Fund (IMF) policy reforms-so-called 'conditionalities'-affect government health expenditures? We collected archival documents on IMF programmes from 1995 to 2014 to identify the pathways and impact of conditionality on government health spending in 16 West African countries. Based on a qualitative analysis of the data, we find that IMF policy reforms reduce fiscal ...

Abstract This study intends to examine the impact of current health expenditure, domestic government education social protection, population growth, and foreign direct investment (FDI) on human capital formation in context Pakistan. utilized skill measure capital. The annual data for period 1990–2020 has been extracted from World Development Indicators (WDI) Bank. auto-regressive distributed la...

We show that a one-sector real business cycle model with mild increasing returns-toscale and variable capital utilization is able to produce qualitatively realistic business cycles driven solely by aggregate demand shocks. In particular, a positive government spending shock can lead to simultaneous increases in output, consumption, investment, employment, labor productivity and the real wage. O...

case study 18 to 29 years of kurdistan youths theoretical framework of this study is based on theories of rojek, stibens and bourdieu and studies the situation of leisure time among youths as one of the social groups influencing the dynamics of cultural, social and political deal. survey method and questionnaire have been used to collect data and analyzes has been made. the study population con...