We perform experimental and numerical studies of a granular system under cyclic-compression to investigate reversibility memory effects. focus on the quasi-static forcing dense systems, which is most relevant wide range geophysical, industrial, astrophysical problems. find that soft-sphere simulations with proper stiffness friction quantitatively reproduce both translational rotational displace...

Pressure waves in a granular material travel through particle contact points and are primarily transmitted by the "force chains" that carry most of the load in a granular medium. However, these force chains tend to be fragile and ephemeral and can be disrupted by very minor perturbations including the waves themselves. External vibration also disrupts the force chains and therefore also changes...