This article investigates how a …rm’s …nancial strength a¤ects its dynamic decision to invest in R&D. We estimate a dynamic model of R&D choice using data for German …rms in high-tech manufacturing industries. The model incorporates a measure of the …rm’s …nancial strength, derived from its credit rating, which is shown to lead to substantial di¤erences in estimates of the costs and expected lo...

The emission optics of a Steigerwald type electron gun is re-examined. The virtual and real points of divergence, divergence angles and beam-widths of the electron beams at different telefocusing strength are measured in detail for first time . Two different Wehnelt cylinders are used to establish a contrasting viewpoint. The original ‘focusing’ curves measured by Braucks are reconstructed and ...

We show that the consistency of the theory “ZF + DC + Every successor cardinal is regular + Every limit cardinal is singular + Every successor cardinal satisfies the tree property” follows from the consistency of a proper class of supercompact cardinals. This extends earlier results due to the author showing that the consistency of the theory “ZF + ¬ACω + Every successor cardinal is regular + E...

New calculations are presented for Gamow-Teller beta decay of nuclei near 100 Sn. Essentially all of the 100 Sn Gamow-Teller decay strength is predicted to go to a single state at an excitation energy of 1.8 MeV in 100 In. The first calculations are presented for the decays of neighboring odd-even and odd-odd nuclei which show, in contrast to 100 Sn, surprisingly complex and broad Gamow-Teller ...

We introduce the definability strength of combinatorial principles. In terms of definability strength, a combinatorial principle is strong if solving a corresponding combinatorial problem could help in simplifying the definition of a definable set. We prove that some consequences of Ramsey’s Theorem for colorings of pairs could help in simplifying the definitions of some Δ2 sets, while some oth...

In this review the quenching of the weak axial-vector coupling strength, gA, is discussed in nuclear β and double-β decays. On one hand, the nuclear-medium and nuclear many-body effects are separated, and on the other hand the quenching is discussed from the points of view of different many-body methods and different β-decay and double-β-decay processes. Both the historical background and the p...

An important decision that must be taken by anyone designing a course involving (object oriented software) modelling is what tool support, if any, to use. Options include picking an industrial strength modelling tool, using a tool specifically designed for educational use, or eschewing tool use altogether in favour of pencil and paper. The best answer will depend on many factors, including the ...

The ignition of a laminar non-premixed H2/air mixing layer with an embedded vortex was computationally studied with detailed chemistry and transport. The initial vortex velocity and pressure fields were specified based on the stream function of an incompressible nonviscous vortex. The fuel side is pure hydrogen at 300 K, and the oxidizer side is air at 2000 K. The vortex evolution process was f...

We investigate the group irregularity strength (sg(G)) of graphs, that is, we find the minimum value of s such that for any Abelian group G of order s, there exists a function f : E(G) → G such that the sums of edge labels at every vertex are distinct. We prove that for any connected graph G of order at least 3, sg(G) = n if n = 4k + 2 and sg(G) ≤ n + 1 otherwise, except the case of an infinite...

1Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, M R Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; 2Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodonics, Bhabha College of Dental Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; 3Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodonics, R K D F Dental College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; 4Reader, De...