Currently, simulation is usually used to estimate network degree distribution P(k) and to examine if a network model predicts a scale-free network when an analytical formula does not exist. An alternative Markovian chain-based numerical method was proposed by Shi [Phys. Rev. E 71, 036140 (2005)] to compute time-dependent degree distribution P(k,t) . Although the numerical results demonstrate a ...

Global climate change is causing shifts in phenology across multiple species. We use a geographically and temporally extensive data set of butterfly abundance across the state of Ohio to ask whether phenological change can be predicted from climatological data. Our focus is on growing degree days (GDD), a commonly used measure of thermal accumulation, as the mechanistic link between climate cha...

to assess required growing degree days (gdd) for phenological stages of four clover species in different planting dates a field experiment was conducted in 2010-11 and 2011-12 cropping seasons in seed and plant improvement institute in karaj, iran. three planting dates (14 september, 28 september and 13 october) and six clover varieties were assigned to main plots and sub-plots, respectively, a...