Ductile cast iron is preferred as nodular iron or spheroidal graphite iron. Ductile cast iron contains graphite in form of discrete nodules and matrix of ferrite and perlite. In order to determine the mechanical properties, one needs to determine volume of phases in matrix and nodularity in the microstructure of metal sample. Manual methods available for this, are time consuming and accuracy de...

In the automobile sector, pistons are anodized on crown, ring grooves, and also skirts to improve its wear resistance corrosion properties. this work, we have carried out crown anodizing along with skirt simultaneously study of samples. The surfaces three different processes such as soft anodizing, hard microarc oxidation (MAO) or well known plasma arc (PAO). All differ in their respective proc...

The cupola is a furnace used for melting steel scrap, cast iron scrap, and ferroalloys to produce cast iron. Its main energy source is coal coke. It is one of the oldest methods of producing cast iron, and it remains the dominate method because of its simplicity and low fuel cost. Cupolas range in size from 18 inches to 13 feet in diameter, and can produce up to 100 tons per hour of cast iron. ...