Encephalitis is an inflammation and swelling of the brain, which is often caused by a viral infection; it is an important cause of acute symptomatic seizures as well as subsequent epilepsy. Herein we describe the definition, epidemiology, and etiology of encephalitis as a cause of seizures. We then focus on encephalitis due to herpes simplex virus (the most common sporadic viral cause of enceph...

In 2007, a rare form of autoimmune encephalitis was characterized by Dalmau et al. termed as anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (anti-NMDA) receptor encephalitis. Although it is more common in young females with ovarian teratomas who often present with psychiatric symptoms for the first time, this case reports a female diagnosed with antiNMDA receptor encephalitis in the absence of a neoplasm and diagno...

Moyamoya disease is a rare vaso-occlusive illness with an unknown etiology characterized by stenosis of the internal carotid arteries with spontaneous development of a collateral vascular network.A 15-month-old girl was referred to the emergency ward of Imam Reza Hospital due to decreased level of consciousness, focal seizures and fever during the previous 24 hours with an impression of encepha...

In the central nervous system, the Japanese encephalitis virus can replicate only in neurons. The mechanism of the type of neurotropism was analyzed. The susceptibility to Japanese encephalitis virus infection in the rat brain was closely associated with neuronal immaturity. The initial specific binding of the virus to cells is one of the reasons for neurotropism of the Japanese encephalitis vi...

Encephalitis, a brain inflammation leading to severe illness and often death, is caused by >100 pathogens. To assess the incidence and trends of encephalitis in Ontario, Canada, we obtained data on 6,463 Ontario encephalitis hospitalizations from the hospital Discharge Abstract Database for April 2002-December 2013 and analyzed these data using multiple negative binomial regression. The estimat...

Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a form of autoimmune encephalitis associated with antibodies against the NR1 subunits of NMDARs. Although new-onset acute prominent psychotic syndromes in patients with NMDAR encephalitis have been well documented, there is a lack of case studies on differential diagnosis and treatment of anti-NMDAR encephalitis after a long-term diagno...

BACKGROUND Seizures are common in encephalitis but there is paucity of comprehensive studies evaluating predictors of seizures. AIM To evaluate the frequency and predictors of seizures in encephalitis patients and its effect on outcome. METHODS In a prospective hospital based study, the patients with encephalitis were evaluated clinically and presence of seizure, its type and duration were ...

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis is a potentially devastating disease, with significant rates of mortality and co-morbidities. Although the prognosis for people with HSV encephalitis can be improved by prompt treatment with aciclovir, there are often delays involved in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. In response, National Clinical Guidelines have been produced for the UK whic...

INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), known as the most common, potentially mortal, and treatable cause of sporadic encephalitis, in a sample Turkish population. METHODS The demographic, clinical, laboratory, imaging, electrophysiology, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA results of patients examined with a pre-diagno...

A presumptive case of Murray Valley Encephalitis (MVE) acquired in Alice Springs in March 1997 is reported. The patient subsequently died in Mackay. The diagnosis of Murray Valley Encephalitis was supported by the detection of flavivirus IgM in cerebrospinal fluid. Low titres of IgM specific to Murray Valley Encephalitis and Alfuy were detected in a single serum sample. The patient's travel mov...