The extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) of the rat hindleg consists of four heads. The heads are named after their insertions on the digits of toes II, III, IV and V. The EDL heads share a proximal tendon and aponeurosis, but have separate distal aponeuroses and tendons. By cutting the distal tendons of selected heads, direct myotendinous force transmission within these heads is prevented. T...

A Monteggia fracture is a fracture of the proximal ulna coupled with a radial head dislocation. Numerous classification systems have been developed to characterize these fractures. Bado classification is most commonly used. Bado type 1 Monteggia fractures are most common while type 3 & 4 are rare entities. In our case, after confirming the diagnosis as type 4 Bado Monteggia fracture dislocation...

Rapid adaptive changes can result from the drastic alterations humans impose on ecosystems. For example, flooding large areas for hydroelectric dams converts mountaintops into islands and leaves surviving populations in a new environment. We report differences in morphology and diet of the termite-eating gecko Gymnodactylus amarali between five such newly created islands and five nearby mainlan...

fourteen different morphological traits in 169 and 131 cattle of oulmes-zaer and tidili, respectively were recorded and analyzed using a multivariate approach. the characters measured included heart girth, wither height, rump height, rump length, rump width, chest depth, body length, neck length, cannon circumference, ear length, ear width, head length, horn length and tail length. breed signif...

In insects, the frequency distribution of the measurements of sclerotized body parts is generally used to classify larval instars and is characterized by a multimodal overlap between instar stages. Nonparametric methods with fixed bandwidths, such as histograms, have significant limitations when used to fit this type of distribution, making it difficult to identify divisions between instars. Fi...

BACKGROUND Surgical excision of the radial head is frequently required after a comminuted fracture of the radial head. The outcome of this procedure is often unpredictable, with some patients experiencing ulna-sided pain in the wrist secondary to proximal migration of the radius. Insertion of a radial head prosthesis could prevent proximal radial migration and restore normal load-sharing at the...

In this research, anatomical descriptions of the structure of the temporal bone and auditory ossicles have been performed based on dissection of ten guinea pigs. The results showed that, in guinea pig temporal bone was similar to other animals and had three parts; squamous, tympanic and petrous .The tympanic part was much better developed and consisted of oval shaped tympanic bulla with many re...