Evolutionary studies of oceanic island endemics are usually focused on lineages that have experienced in situ radiation, while those speciated once the or archipelago but not further diversified (single-species endemics) remain understudied. The Macaronesian archipelagos, Atlantic Ocean, home to significant numbers single-species endemics. genus Hedera L. (12 species) includes three from archip...

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on Journal blog. Ecological processes are known to leave recognizable footprints spatial patterns of plants. Observed can be tested against theoretic expectations based effects species dispersal, fine-scale abiotic factors and biotic interactions realized plants (McIntire & Fajardo, 2009). The point-to-point relationships among plants, as ‘p...