Hepatic encephalopathy is a neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with abnormal liver function and portosystemic venous shunting. According to the West-Haven classification, depending on degree of neurological disorders, there are minimal, I - IV stages HE, which characterized by gradual progression disease. To date, pathogenesis HE controversial.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a reversible syndrome observed in patients with liver disease. The characterised by spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities resulting from the accumulation neurotoxic substances bloodstream and ultimately brain. HE huge burden to patients, caregivers, healthcare system. Common treatments for HE, including rifaximin lactulose, have been shown reduce risk recurre...

On 18 July 2001, the Australian Government announced a new requirement that all beef and beef products imported into Australia should certify their bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) free status. This policy announcement follows on from, and effectively implements, the new food standard recently agreed by the Australian New Zealand Food Standards Council that requires all beef products sold...

Rats with portacaval shunts and humans with hepatic encephalopathy show severe myo-inositol depletion in the brain. The portacaval-shunted rat may therefore be a useful model for the investigation of neurochemical pathways containing myoinositol, which are modulated not only in hepatic encephalopathy but also in diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease.

Hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) is usually associated with acute fatal abdominal disease. It has not previously been reported to be associated with acute appendicitis. We reported a case of acute appendicitis associated with HPVG in a middle-aged man who recovered uneventfully after appendectomy. We described the CT findings and emphasized that an HPVG resulting from appendicitis may not as om...

Intervention treatment such as balloon retrograde or anterograde transvenous obliteration has been used for management of refractory hepatic encephalopathy as well as gastric variceal bleeding. Recently, plug-assisted retrograde transvenous obliteration without a help of balloon was newly developed to treat these patients. Here, we report three cases suffering refractory hepatic encephalopathy ...