Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Although not the primary etiology of AKI in cirrhotic patients, hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a unique form of AKI that develops only in cirrhotic patients. Intense renal vasoconstriction is the hallmark of HRS. Different mechanisms contribute to renal vasoconstriction, with splanchnic vasodilatation and reduced effective b...

Ten patients with hepatorenal syndrome were evaluated before and after creation of a side-to-side portacaval shunt or insertion of a peritoneovenous shunt, procedures which produced an increase in plasma volume and cardiac output. In the seven patients who survived surgery, renal function improved significantly, plasma renin activity fell from high to normal levels, and low levels of plasma ren...

Gramoxone is a commercial formulation of a herbicide containing the di-metho sulphate salt of paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4, 4'-dipyridilium). Bullivant (1966) reported that up to July 1964 one case of paraquat poisoning had occurred in a child in Ireland. He described two additional cases in men in 1966. The first was that of a 28-year-old man who drank half a glass of 20% paraquat solution; a day...

Acute renal impairment is common in patients with chronic liver disease, occurring in approximately 19% of hospitalised patients with cirrhosis. A variety of types of renal impairment are recognised. The most important of these is the hepatorenal syndrome, a functional renal impairment due to circulatory and neurohormonal abnormalities that underpin cirrhosis. It is one of the most severe compl...

Complex therapy of acute hepatorenal failure included magnetic field and laser applied to hepatic area and blood extracorporeally. In 26 patients magnetic field and laser were applied to the hepatic area. When compared to a control group of 30 patients a more prompt decrease in blood bilirubin was noted, alongside with a drop in blood fibrinogen, which enhanced a threat of profuse bleeding. The...

Background: Methotrexate (MTX) is an anti-metabolite drug used in the treatment of many cancers and autoimmune diseases. Methods: This study investigated the protective effect of flaxseed oil, sesame seed oil, and their mixture on the MTX-induced hepatorenal toxicity. Thirty rats divided into five groups of: normal control, MTX control, and flaxseed oil, sesame seed oil, and the mixture groups...