Abstract Purpose of Review We provided an overview sampling methods for hard-to-reach populations and guidance on implementing one the most popular approaches: respondent-driven (RDS). Recent Findings Limitations related to generating a frame marginalized can make them “hard-to-reach” when conducting population health research. Data analyzed from non-probability-based or convenience samples may...

A profile hidden Markov model (PHMM) is widely used in assigning protein sequences to protein families. In this model, the hidden states only depend on the previous hidden state and observations are independent given hidden states. In other words, in the PHMM, only the information of the left side of a hidden state is considered. However, it makes sense that considering the information of the b...

results seven concepts emerged after exploratory factor analysis of the 48 items. the content validity ratio (cvr) of the questionnaire constructs were 0.55 to 0.76, and content validity index (cvi) structure was 0.86 to 0.95. cronbach's alpha coefficient for the entire questionnaire was 0.78, and correlation coefficient of the test-retest reliability for the constructs was from 0.73 to 0.89. c...