A variance-based method of analysis is described in which the clump size (average number of solute atoms aggregated together) of one atomic species (solute) in a matrix can be determined from a set of composition measurements taken from volumes which contain a much greater number of solute atoms than the clump size. The observed variance of the solute concentration measurements, each of which i...

[1] A number of competing theories to explain the initiation mechanism, longevity and propagation characteristics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) have been developed from observational analysis of the tropical climate and minimal dynamical models. Using the isotopic composition of atmospheric moisture from paired satellite retrievals of H2O and HDO from the boundary layer and mid troposp...

Most major features of the interdecadal shift in boreal winter-spring precipitation over the American continents associated with the 1976–1977 transition are reproduced in atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) simulations forced with observed sea surface temperature (SST). The GCM runs forced with global and tropical Pacific SSTs produce similar multidecadal changes in precipitation, indi...

Soil moisture is an important control over atmospheric evolution, since it controls the partition of incoming radiation into latent and sensible heating. To accurately model these land surface fluxes, atmospheric models must ultimately have accurate soil moisture fields. Yet soil moisture is typically initialised indirectly in Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models, frequently resulting in u...

Polar organic nonlinear optical material, L-tartaric acid single crystals have been grown from slow evaporation solution growth technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study indicates that the grown crystal crystallized in monoclinic system with space group P21. Crystalline perfection of the crystal has been evaluated by high resolution X-ray diffraction technique and it reveals that the cr...

The use of immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435) to catalyze ferulic acid of esterification was investigated in this study. The synthesis product was analyzed using HPLC. The results revealed that the major product was 2-ethylhexyl ferulate. Response surface methodology and 3-level-3-factor central composite rotatable design were adopted to evaluate the effects of synthesis v...

Conditions required for in sirn growth of YBaCuO thin films by reactive electron-beam evaporation have been explored Three sources of activated oxygen (atomic oxygen from microwave discharge, a plasma generated by electron beams, and an ion beam ) were compared. The best results so far were obtained with atomic oxygen. Epitaxial films with high critics currents were grown -on SrTiO3 and <...

This Application Note describes how the Agilent 380-ELSD Evaporative Light Scattering Detector was used to determine the effect of varying the evaporation temperature during the analysis of a mixture of herbicides with different volatilities. Phenylurea compounds are used extensively in agriculture as selective herbicides, however they are thermally unstable and degrade rapidly to isocyanates a...