primary clear cell adenocarcinomas most commonly involve the genitourinary system, including the vagina. previously, primary clear cell adenocarcinomas of the vagina have been discussed within the context of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol. due to its widely proven role in the development of this carcinoma, administration of diethylstilbestrol is prohibited. we present two cases of non-...

Every microbiologist knows that the best specimens for culture are fluids or tissue. However, we rarely get what we want. The majority of the specimens that microbiology laboratories receive are collected on swabs. Clinicians favor the swab as a collection and transport system because of its ease of use, low cost, and availability. What is the laboratory to do? We need to understand the various...

background: vitamin d plays a critical role in the regulation of growth and differentiation of squamous epithelium. the pleiotropic effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 [1,25(oh)2d3], include proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and pro-differentiation effects on numerous cell types. although 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 is involved in the regulation and differentiation of epithelium, there is no data in t...

introduction foreign body insertion is a common and important cause of pre-pubertal vaginal bleeding. case presentation we present a three-year-old girl who referred to our clinic with abnormal vaginal bleeding without any other symptoms. the primary assessment revealed a radio-opaque round solid mass in the pelvic cavity. following vaginoscopy, the button battery was finally removed under gene...

The cellular quality of the endocervical swab specimen used for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis may dramatically impact the sensitivity of the diagnostic assay used. An evaluation of the adequacy of 319 endocervical swab specimens from women attending two inner-city sexually transmitted disease and family planning clinics, as well as five high school-based family planning clinics, was pe...

Twenty-four matched pairs of isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica and three matched pairs of isolates of Pasteurella multocida were isolated by using a nasal swab and a transtracheal swab from individual calves with clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease. The identity of each matched pair was confirmed biochemically and serologically. The similarity of the isolates obtained from a nasal sw...

TO THE EDITOR—We read with interest the recent article by Thibault et al [1], which described laboratory analyses of injection equipment collected from people who inject drugs in France. In particular, the detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in 80% of pooled samples of alcohol and cotton swabs raises concerns about the possible role of swabs in HCV transmission. While the accompanying edit...

BACKGROUND Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is a risk for infections. Targeted decolonization reduces postoperative infections but depends on accurate screening. AIM To compare detection of S. aureus carriage in healthy individuals between anatomical sites and nurse- versus self-swabbing; also to determine whether a single nasal swab predicted carriage over four weeks. METHODS Healthy indi...

Female reproductive organs are mainly regulated by estrogen and progesterone. Specifically, the uterus, vagina and mammary gland show organ-specific mitosis and morphological changes during proliferative events, such as estrous cycle, gestation and lactation. The mechanism underlying these organ-specific estrogen-dependent events is still unknown. We examined, therefore, global gene expression ...