Abstract In this paper interparticle potential model of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is used to simulate deformation and breakup of a falling droplet under gravity force. First this model is applied to ensure that the surface tension effect is properly implemented in this model. Two tests have been considered. First, it has been checked an initial square drop in a 2D domain can freely def...

We discuss the counting of Nambu-Goldstone (NG) modes associated with spontaneous breaking higher-form global symmetries. Effective field theories NG are developed based on symmetry-breaking patterns, using a generalized coset construction for derive formula number gapless modes, which involves expectation values commutators conserved charges, possibly different degrees.

As part of the research on thermal noise reduction in gravitational-wave detectors, we experimentally demonstrate conversion a fundamental ${\mathrm{TEM}}_{00}$ laser mode at 1064 nm to higher-order Hermite-Gaussian modes (HG) arbitrary order via commercially available liquid crystal spatial light modulator. We particularly studied ${\mathrm{HG}}_{5,5}/{\mathrm{HG}}_{10,10}/{\mathrm{HG}}_{15,15...