Fungi, bacteria, mycoplasma, Spiroplasma, virus, viroid, phanerogamic plant parasites, and other macro pests are all agents, which lead to suffering of plants, this effects the tropic levels above producers who feeding on them for survival. Science pathology shouldn’t be confined humans itself (I mean understanding human diseases), it’s equally important that science must given equal importance...

Regular correspondences between historically related languages can be modelled using finitestate transducers (FST). A new method is presented by demonstrating it with a bidirectional experiment between Finnish and Estonian. An artificial representation (resembling a protolanguage) is established between two related languages. This representation, AFE (Aligned Finnish-Estonian) is based on the l...