Steroid hormones are essential for the normal function of most organ systems in vertebrates. Reproductive activities in females and males, such as the differentiation, growth and maintenance of the reproductive system, require signaling by sex steroid hormones. Although extensively studied in mammals and a few fish and bird species, the evolution and molecular mechanisms associated with the nuc...

INTRODUCTION Several evidences show that muscles have an endocrine function. Glucocorticoid, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone receptors have already been found in normal skeletal muscles, but not in dystrophic muscles. METHODS The gene expression of hormone receptors was compared between dystrophic and healthy muscles in mdx and C57BL6 mice strains. RESULTS The mdx mice showed a sig...

Retinoic acid, thyroid hormone, and vitamin D receptors preferentially activate target genes through response elements that consist of direct repeat arrangements of a core recognition motif of consensus sequence AGGTCA. We present evidence that the preference for direct repeat elements arises from two fundamental differences from steroid hormone receptors. First, retinoic acid, thyroid hormone,...

Glycoprotein hormone receptors are G protein-coupled receptors with ligand-binding ectodomains consisting of leucine-rich repeats. The ectodomain is connected by a conserved cysteine-rich hinge region to the seven transmembrane (TM) region. Gain-of-function mutants of luteinizing hormone (LH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors found in patients allowed identification of residues importan...

The phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway is crucial for Sertoli cell development and completing spermatogenesis. Its main role to promote proliferation inhibit apoptosis. Many factors activate the PI3K/AKT pathway, like hormones, such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), androgen, estrogen, insulin name a few. of these have receptors inside or on surface cells (SCs). Thi...

The temporal relationship between redistribution of receptors to lutropin (luteinizing hormone)/human chorionic gonadotropin in cultured rat ovarian granulosa cells and the cellular response to hormonal challenge were studied. Visualization of receptor-bound human chorionic gonadotropin by indirect immunofluorescence, with hormone-specific antibodies after fixation with 2% formaldehyde, reveale...

Abstract FERONIA (FER) is a member of the Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like (CrRLK1L) protein subfamily, which participates in reproduction, abiotic stress, biotic cell growth, hormone response, and other molecular mechanisms plants. However, mechanism by single RLK capable mediating multiple signals activating cellular responses remains unclear. Here, we summarize research progre...

Introduction: Renin angiotensin system has an important role in blood pressure and renal functions. Active angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 converts angiotensin I into angiotensin-(1-7) which is a vasodilator hormone and interacts with nitric oxide changes as well as other angiotensin II receptors. In this study we evaluated the role of Mas receptor antagonist (A779) and renal perfusion press...

introduction: renin angiotensin system has an important role in blood pressure and renal functions. active angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 converts angiotensin i into angiotensin-(1-7) which is a vasodilator hormone and interacts with nitric oxide changes as well as other angiotensin ii receptors. in this study we evaluated the role of mas receptor antagonist (a779) and renal perfusion pressure...