Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment for alleviating trauma symptoms, and the positive effects of this treatment have been scientifically confirmed under wellcontrolled conditions. This has provided an opportunity to explore how EMDR works. The present paper reports on the findings of a long series of experiments that disproved the hypothesis that eye m...

Endoscopic sclerotherapy is widely employed for esophageal variceal hemorrhage. However it has side effects and can aggravate portal hypertension by suppression of portosystemic shunt. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the effect of variceal thrombosis on hepatic venous pressure gradient and azygos blood flow. Eight alcoholic cirrhotic patients with a first variceal hemorrha...

It has been proposed that, since the origin of life and the ensuing evolution of biological species, a second evolutionary process has appeared on our planet. It is the evolution of culture-e.g., ideas, beliefs, and artifacts. Does culture evolve in the same genuine sense as biological life? And if so, does it evolve through natural selection, or by some other means? Why does no other species r...

Ca2+ is the most important second messenger in living cells serving as a critical link between a variety of extracellular stimuli and their intraand intercellular responses. The external signals are translated most often into repeated increases of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Due to their importance and frequent appearance, Ca2+ oscillations have been extensively studied in experiments and...

In babies who are born preterm (before 37 weeks), the retinal blood vessels are not fully formed and do not reach the ora serrata (Figure 2). If a preterm baby is examined a week or so after birth, it is possible to see whether the blood vessels are mature and have reached the ora serrata, or whether they are immature; i.e., the peripheral retina is not vascularised. If babies receive good neon...