Sensitization to human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in organ transplant patients causes graft rejection, according to the humoral theory of transplantation. Sensitization is almost ubiquitous as anti-HLA antibodies are found in almost all sera of transplant recipients. Advances in testing assays and amino acid sequencing of HLA along with computer software contributed further to the understanding o...

Introduction Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with various presentations. This variation is due to the interaction of hormonal, environmental, and genetic factors. Associations between human leukocyte antigens and SLE have long been recognized in different ethnic populations and have been suggested to represent the most important association. Objectives The objectiv...

background: rheumatoid arthritis (ra) is the most common chronic inflammatory erosive joint disease with the worldwide distribution of approximately 0.5-1%. molecular methods can be very sensitive in the early stage diagnosis of the disease and therefore prevention the late complications and disabilities. etiology of ra, an autoimmune disease, is not exactly known but immunologic and genetic fa...

Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) has evolved multiple mechanisms to escape the host immune recognition and innate or adaptive immune responses. Among them, hCMV has developed strategies to modulate the expression and/or function of human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), including by encoding series of infection stage-dependent hCMV proteins to detain and destroy the expression of HLA molecules on the sur...

Analysis of a large number of unrelated bone marrow transplantations (BMT) has shown that HLA-DP incompatibility did not detectably influence the risk for acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). Accordingly, it was proposed that HLA-DP determinants did not function as transplantation antigens in the same way as HLA-A, -B, or -DR. We have previously shown that HLA-DP (as well as HLA-A, -B, -DQ,...

Background: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex is a gene family involved in antigen presentation associated with protection or susceptibility to inflammatory, infectious and autoimmune diseases. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which HLA molecules play a role in the initiation and development of the disease through presentation of self or foreign antigens to T cells. Obje...

Precision medicine can put clinicians in a position where they must act more as resource allocators than their traditional role patient advocates. In the allocation of transplantable organs and tissues, use eplet matching will enhance precision but, doing so, generate tension with present reliance on rule rescue justice-based factors for allocations. Matching donor recipient human leukocyte ant...

Little is known about the molecular characteristics of alloantigens recognized by alloreactive T cells mediating hematologic stem cell graft rejection. In particular, it has never been shown that such alloantigens can be encoded by HLA-DP beta alleles. Indeed, matching for HLA-DP antigens is generally not considered to be of functional importance for the outcome of allogeneic bone marrow or per...

The presence of donor human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-specific antibodies has been shown to be associated with graft loss and decreased patient survival, but it is not uncommon that donor-specific HLA antibodies are absent in patients with biopsy-proven antibody-mediated rejection. In this review, we focus on the latest findings on antibodies against non-HLA antigens in kidney and heart transplan...