BACKGROUND Despite the increasing promotion of alcohol-based hand rubs and the worldwide use of ethanol-based hand rubs in hospitals only few studies have specifically addressed the issue of ethanol absorption when repeatedly applied to human skin. The aim of this study was to assess if ethanol absorption occurs during hygienic and surgical hand disinfection using three different alcohol-based ...

Honu is a new language that contains a system for extending its syntax with an interface built on concrete syntax. Honu combines an existing hygienic macro system with a novel use of a precedence parser to achieve a syntax that is algol-like while maintaining the power of s-expression based macros. We demonstrate how to build the parser and connect it to the underlying macro system.

Many animals have individual and social mechanisms for combating pathogens. Animals may exhibit short-term physiological tradeoffs between social and individual immunity because the latter is often energetically costly. Genetic tradeoffs between these two traits can also occur if mutations that enhance social immunity diminish individual immunity, or vice versa. Physiological tradeoffs between ...

Within the multi-disciplinary CARMA (Campylobacter Risk Management and Assessment) project it was decided to focus on evaluation of interventions in the chicken meat chain. To assess the effect of control measures on the farm we developed a model on Campylobacter transmission in Dutch broilers and broiler flocks, resulting in an estimate of the Campylobacter prevalence in broilers for slaughter...

Existing source-code-generating tools such as Lex and Yacc suffer from practical inconveniences because they use disembodied code to implement actions. To prevent this problem, such tools could generate closed functors that are then instantiated by the programmer with appropriate action code. This results in all code being type checked in its appropriate context, and it assists the type checker...

Division of labor in social insects has made the evolution of collective traits possible that cannot be achieved by individuals alone. Differences in behavioral responses produce variation in engagement in behavioral tasks, which as a consequence, generates a division of labor. We still have little understanding of the genetic components influencing these behaviors, although several candidate g...

Background: Two point four out of 100 people suffer from one or more fractures in the course of average lifetimes. Traditional casts are featured as cumbersome structures that result in high risk of cutaneous complications. Clinical demands for developing a hygienic cast have gotten more and more attention. 3D printing technique is rapidly growing in the fabrication of custom-made rehabilitatio...

Aim: To evaluate the hygienic quality of raw chicken meat and raw milk sold in the local markets of Patna with reference to isolation of Salmonella and antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella against commonly used antibiotics. Materials and Methods: A total of 370 samples comprising of 228 chicken meat and 142 market milk samples were processed for isolation and serotyping, supplemented wit...

Hygienic behaviour (HB) is a social immunity trait in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) whereby workers detect, uncap and remove unhealthy brood, improving disease resistance in the colony. This is clearly economically valuable; however, the molecular mechanism behind it is not well understood. The freeze-killed brood (FKB) assay is the conventional method of HB selection, so we compared odour pro...