Innate immunity provides the first line of host defense against invading microbial pathogens. This defense involves retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors that detect viral RNA and activate the mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS) protein, an adaptor protein, leading to activation of the innate antiviral immune response. The mechanisms by which the MAVS signalosome assembles on mitoc...

Vitamin A (VA) is amongst the most well characterized food-derived nutrients with diverse immune modulatory roles. Deficiency in dietary VA has not only been associated with immune dysfunctions in the gut, but also with several systemic immune disorders. In particular, VA metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) has been shown to be crucial in inducing gut tropism in lymphocytes and modulating...

Epidemiological evidence suggests a link between the intensity of the exercise and the oc‐ currence of infections and diseases. The innate immune system appears to respond to chron‐ ic stress of intensive exercise by increased natural killer cell activity and suppressed neutrophil function. The measured effects of exercise on the innate immune system are com‐ plex and depend on several factors:...

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to limit immune responses in vivo by multiple soluble factors. Dickkopf-3 (DKK3), a secreted glycoprotein, has recently been identified as a novel immune modulator. Since DKK3 has been reported to be produced by MSCs, we investigated whether DKK3 contributes to the immune suppression of anti-tumor responses by MSCs. Whereas wild-type MSCs inhibited immune...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease and also is one of the most common disabling neurological disorders in young and middle-aged adults. The main pathogenesis of MS has long been thought to be an immune mediated disorder of the central nervous system. The function of the immune system is under the influence of vitamin D which as a modulator of immune response could play a...

Abstract Background Vitamin D is classified as an immunomodulatory hormone that synthesized because of skin exposure to sunlight. It known come into play during the regulation secretion, immune functions, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Its deficiency can cause many diseases their associated pleiotropic effects. In addition, in relation its eminent function regards adaptive response in...