computer-assisted language learning (call) is reaching an up most position in the pedagogical field of english as a second or foreign language (esl/efl). the present study was carried out to study the effect of using phonetic websites on iranian efl students’ pronunciation and knowledge of phonemic symbols. participants of the study included 30 efl female pre-intermediate students studying in k...

We consider problems in sequence enumeration suggested by Stockhausen’s problem, and derive a generating series for the number of sequences of length k on n available symbols such that adjacent symbols are distinct, the terminal symbol occurs exactly r times, and all other symbols occur at most r − 1 times. The analysis makes extensive use of techniques from the theory of symmetric functions. E...

The simple deterministic grammar (s-grammar) is the standard form grammar in which the handles of the Z-rules are distinct for each nonterminal symbol Z. The language generated by an s-grammar is called the simple deterministic language (s-language). It is known that the s-languages have the the prefix property and that their equivalence problem is solvable. (Korenjak and Hopcroft, 1966). Using...

Anchoring is the process of creating and maintaining the correspondence between symbols and percepts that refer to the same physical objects. Although this process must necessarily be present in any physically embedded system that includes a symbolic component (e.g., an autonomous robot), no systematic study of anchoring as a problem per se has been reported in the literature on intelligent sys...