in this study, in order to consider the effects of cash flow fluctuations on project profitability, the new risk kind indicators are proposed to assess projects risk. firstly, project cash flow calculates on the basis of cost and revenue data in an lng project. then distribution curves of two variables, oil price and interest rate of foreign loans, are utilized to determine distribution curve o...

While many governments rely on oil production and exports for fiscal revenues, the global energy transition driven by climate policy technological change makes future demand prices uncertain. We propose a framework to explore prospects production, public revenues from oil, unexploited reserves under hundreds of transitions scenarios, following robust decision making principles. apply it Latin A...

We estimate the profitability of producing biochar from crop residue (corn stover) for two scenarios. The first employs slow pyrolysis to generate biochar and pyrolysis gas and has the advantage of high yields of char (as much as 40 wt-%) but the disadvantage of producing a relatively low-value energy product (pyrolysis gas of modest heating value). The second scenario employs fast pyrolysis to...

Although Timor-Leste has made considerable progress in many areas since its independence 2002, it faces significant medium-term challenges. The nation pressing development needs, young institutions, and is highly dependent on oil. Oil revenues from active fields, which have been the main source of funding for government spending, are drying up. non-oil private sector economy remains underdevelo...

In the context of recent oil prices fall and resulting budgetary problems faced by KSA, it is very interesting to examine the country’s overdependence on oil revenues. In this paper, we examine whether extreme oil dependence for Saudi Arabia is the symptom of Dutch Disease. We first provide a brief review of the literature on Dutch Disease and the natural resource curse. We then discuss the sym...

Oil-rich regions frequently fight separatist civil wars, consistent with the broader hypothesis that oil wealth diminishes prospects for civil peace. Although existing “greed” and “grievances” hypotheses highlight important attributes of oil production that may contribute to violence, we have few insights into a basic question about mechanisms: what prevents governments from strategically using...