The construct of relative reinforcing efficacy (RRE) is central to many laboratory and theoretical models of drug abuse, but it has not been widely measured in applied clinical research contexts. The authors used a simulated alcohol purchase task to measure RRE in a sample of 267 college student drinkers. Participants reported their alcohol consumption across a range of prices, and their respon...

The demand for labor in the long run should be important to labor economists for a variety of reasons. So long as the supply of labor to an occupation, industry or area is not perfectly elastic in the long run, the nature of demand for labor in that subsector interacts with the shape of the supply function to determine the level of wages. As in the market for a commodity, so too in the market f...

I n his 1952 A Geometry of International Trade, Nobel Laureate James Meade presented the definitive modern version of the celebrated reciprocaldemand, or offer-curve, diagram of the trade theorist. The diagram features curves depicting alternative quantities of exports and imports countries are willing to trade at all possible prices (see Figure 1). Let two countries, home and foreign, trade tw...

in this study, first we evaluate the total amount of support for domestic cotton (ams) for the years 1988 to 1999. then, using time series data for the study years, translog cost function was constrained. having calculated the price elasticity of demand for farm inputs, farmers’ reactions to price changes due to the price liberalization were identified. the results of study showed that in the w...

Because the automated clearinghouse (ACH) has been found to have lower social costs than paper checks, the Federal Reserve has been promoting more widespread use of ACH by lowering ACH processing fees. In this paper we have obtained the first numerical estimates of ACH demand elasticities, a measure of the responsiveness of ACH demand to price changes. In order to determine how robust the estim...

This paper analyzes the manufacturers’ strategy of optimizing the direct rebate to the final customer and the wholesale price to a profit-maximizing retailer with a price-dependent stochastic demand. The manufacturer possesses full information about the cost and the functional relationship among demand, price and rebate, but may or may not know about the nature of the underlying demand uncertai...

Pricing policies play an important role in water demand management and its optimal allocation. Determining proper water price leads to optimal allocation of water especially in agricultural consumptions. Applying new subsidy targeting law in Iran which insists on pricing water based on its supply cost, will effects considerably on water resource management in agriculture sector. So, in this stu...

Submitted: Jul 2, 2013; Accepted: Aug 14, 2013; Published: Aug 29, 2013 Abstract: The main focus of the study is to find the determinants of money demand in Pakistan. We used disaggregated expenditures approach in this regard. To find the co-integration among the variables of the model, Johansen co-integration approach is utilized. The results of the study show that the co-integration exists am...