Regular consumer demand systems almost invariably employ specifications that involve common functional forms in all equations. When applications involve crosssectional data it is often the case that demographic effects are important. However it is plausible that demographic effects are commodity-specific. In this case, there may be a loss of efficiency if a common functional form across commodi...

Small regulatory RNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs that function primarily as negative regulators of other RNA transcripts. The principal members of this class are microRNAs and siRNAs, which are involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing. These small RNAs, which in their functional form are singlestranded and ~22 nucleotides in length, guide a gene silencing complex to an mRNA by comple...

This paper reviews critiques of the Human Development Report over the last twenty years. The critiques are mostly related to the choice of indicators, to high correlation of HDI components, functional form of the HDI including normalization of component indicators, aggregation vs. multiplication, and issues related to weighting. A thorough analysis of the critiques leads us to a proposal for mo...

As semiconductor lithography is pushed to smaller dimensions, the process yields tend to suffer due to subwavelength imaging effects. In response, resolution enhancement technologies have been employed together with optimization techniques, specifically source mask optimization (SMO), which finely tunes the process by simultaneously optimizing the source shape and mask features. However, SMO ha...

Correspondence: gaoyingimu@163. com Department of Mathematics, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China Abstract In this paper, a pair of nondifferentiable multiobjective fractional programming problems is formulated. For a differentiable function, we introduce the definition of higher-order (F, a, r, d)-convexity, which extends some kinds of generalized convexity, such as second or...

State-of-the-art first-order automated theorem proving systems have reached considerable strength over recent years. However, in many areas of mathematics they are still a long way from reliably proving theorems that would be considered relatively simple by humans. For example, when reasoning about sets, relations, or functions, first-order systems still exhibit serious weaknesses. While it has...

The changes of higher-order aberrations (HOAs) after bilateral lateral rectus muscle recession were evaluated. Forty eyes of 20 children were enrolled and their wavefront information was assessed until postoperative 3 months. Even though the root mean square (RMS) of total aberration was not changed, the RMS of HOA was transiently increased at postoperative 1 week and returned to baseline level...

PURPOSE This study aims to demonstrate, using human cadavers the feasibility of energy-based adaptive focusing of ultrasonic waves using magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging (MR-ARFI) in the framework of non-invasive transcranial high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy. METHODS Energy-based adaptive focusing techniques were recently proposed in order to achieve aberrat...

Although the ocular higher order aberrations degrade the retinal image substantially, most studies have investigated their effect on vision only under monocular conditions. Here, we have investigated the impact of binocular higher order aberration correction on visual performance and binocular summation by constructing a binocular adaptive optics (AO) vision simulator. Binocular monochromatic a...

Purpose. To evaluate decentration following femtosecond laser small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and sub-Bowman keratomileusis (SBK) and its impact on higher-order aberrations (HOAs). Methods. Prospective, nonrandom, and comparison study. There were 96 eyes of 52 patients who received SMILE and 96 eyes of 49 patients who received SBK in this study. Decentration was calculated 6 months ...