We examine why heterogenous communities may fail to provide public goods. Current work characterizes sanctioning free-riders as an under-supplied public good. We argue that often free-riders can be punished by the coordinated action of a group. This punishment can be profitable, and need not be undersupplied. But the power to expropriate defectors can also be used to expropriate outgroups. Hete...

The Drugs Rules, 1945, framed under the Drugs Act, 1940, are more or less an exact replica of the Statutory Rules and Orders made under the Therapeutic Substances Act of Great Britain. The question of the differences in susceptibility and reactivity of laboratory animals in India and England has not been taken into consideration. Taylor and Ahuja (1935) reported that ' White mice bred in Kasaul...

In this work we deal with actions of vector groupoid which is a new concept in the literature‎. ‎After we give the definition of the action of a vector groupoid on a vector space‎, ‎we obtain some results related to actions of vector groupoids‎. ‎We also apply some characterizations of the category and groupoid theory to vector groupoids‎. ‎As the second part of the work‎, ‎we define the notion...

When individuals in a social network learn about an unknown state from private signals and neighbors' actions, the structure often causes information loss. We consider rational agents Gaussian canonical sequential social-learning problem ask how changes efficiency of signal aggregation. Rational actions our model are log-linear function observations admit signal-counting interpretation accuracy...