Data from a comparative study of 1975 African American, Puerto Rican, and non-Hispanic White persons age 60 and older in a large Northeastern city were used to investigate the relative contribution of ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) to explaining differences in the need for and receipt of informal care. It was hypothesized that differences in disability would be related largely to SES,...

BACKGROUND Informal care is often not included in economic evaluations in healthcare, while the impact of caregiving can be relevant for cost-effectiveness recommendations from a societal perspective. The impact of informal care can be measured and valued with the CarerQol instrument, which measures the impact of informal care on seven important burden dimensions (CarerQol-7D) and values this i...

extended abstract 1. introduction urbanization is a process which leads to the growth of cities and urban changes due to industrialization and economic development. in other words, urbanization is an inevitable and demographic force and movement which should not be neglected. informal settlements, which took place in europe after the industrial revolution at the time of the transition from the ...

A LOTOS interpretation of the Timethread notation is given in this document. Timethreads are an informal technique that focuses on end-to-end behaviours of a system while LOTOS is a formal technique with well developed theories of transformation, validation and testing. Timethreads constructors and their interpretation are discussed in the context of their possible use as a thinking tool in a d...

Formal methods as currently practiced possess a serious flaw. Formalization is the goal of a specification process, and little or no attention is paid to issues in natural language. However, natural language is necessary in any software specification because formal languages have no real-world meaning. The application domain is almost entirely informal, so some formalization process is necessar...

The Wage Elasticity of Informal Care Supply: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study This paper focuses on the relationship between wages and supply of informal care to elderly parents. Unlike most of the previous research estimating wage elasticities of informal care supply, this study employs instrumental variable technique to account for the fact that the wage rate is likely to be corr...

The aims of this study were to analyse (1) whether informal care, provided by children or grandchildren to their elderly parents, and formal care are substitutes or complements, and (2) whether this relationship differs across Europe. The analyses were based on cross-sectional data from the newly developed SHARE (Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe) database. We found (1) that in...

Informal care may substitute for formal long-term care that is often publicly funded or subsidized. The costs of informal caregiving are borne by the caregiver and may consist of worse health outcomes and, if the caregiver has not retired, worse labor market outcomes. We estimate the impact of providing informal care to one's partner on the caregiver's health using data from the Survey of Healt...