In diesel engines, fuel injection has a commanding effect on combustion. Thus studying spray characteristics is beneficial for controlling and improving However, information characteristics, especially those governed by injector needle lift, lacking. This study investigates the near-nozzle kinematics particular nozzle geometries over range of pressures. The nozzles used in this research include...

Many modern pharmaceutical therapies such as vaccines and macromolecular drugs benefit from transdermal delivery. Conventional transdermal drug delivery via hypodermic needles causes pain, non-compliance, and potential contamination. Alternative transdermal strategies that deliver drugs in a quick, reliable, painless, and inexpensive way are needed. Jet injectors, which deliver drugs through th...

We propose a saline injection-based method to quantify blood flow velocity in vivo with acoustic-resolution photoacoustic tomography. By monitoring the saline–blood interface propagating in the blood vessel, the flow velocity can be resolved. We first demonstrated our method in phantom experiments, where a root mean square error of prediction of 0.29  mm/s was achieved. By injecting saline into...

The parallel electron distribution function has been measured on an electron beam from a magnetron injection gun (MIG) using an E 11 B energy analyzer. The magnetic field, beam voltage and beam current were scaled down from normal operating parameters. The perpendicular velocity spread, inferred under the assumption that the electrons are mono-energetic, is relatively constant for electron velo...

background: considering the dramatic increasing rate of diabetes and consequently its related complications, most importantly diabetic peripheral neuropathy (dpn), challenges regarding proper treatment of dpn and its effect on the quality-of-life and care of diabetic patients, the aim of this current study is to evaluate the effect of intradermal botulinum toxin type a (btx-a) injections on pai...

the conversion process of heavy hydrocarbons to the valuable products such as gasoline is an important operation in the oil refineries.one important process is the “fluidized catalytic cracking” (fcc).feed injection in fcc process has an important role in the selectivity and properties of the products.performance of the feed injection system is dependent on the atomizers.the size and contributi...

An abrupt p n junction, such as occurs at the collector junction of an n-p-n transistor, is considered. The ratio of nto p-region conductivity is taken to be very high, so that the transition region is restricted almost entirely to the p-region. The electron density distri bution n within the transition region is investigated as a fUnction of the applied r everse bias V , and of the minority ca...

A theoretical model for carbon dioxide (CO2) migration in tilted aquifers with groundwater flow is presented to evaluate the injection of CO2 into a geological formation. Capillary force in the flow of two immiscible fluids in a porous medium creates a saturation transition zone, where the saturation changes gradually. A vertical equilibrium assumption is employed to solve for the capillary pre...

The spray formation and breakup of n-dodecane was investigated experimentally on a common rail diesel injector using a long working distance microscope. The objectives were to further the fundamental understanding of the processes involved in the initial stage of diesel spray formation under engine-like operating conditions, i.e. high ambient pressure and temperature. Present measurements show ...

In the present study, tried to examine the reactive solute relationships for transport and degradation processes through the rockfill media. By applying the analytical solution of reactive transport, the 1st to 3rd theoretical temporal moments have been extracted then, by using two methods of curve fitting and temporal moment matching, the coefficients of dispersion and degradation have been ex...